“
“A new polymer based

on thieno[3,4-f]isoindole-5,7-dione (TID) and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b] dithiophene was designed and synthesized. The copolymer was characterized by elemental analysis, HM781-36B gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra as well as electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests. Compared to PBDTTPD, introducing the quinoid unit could elevate the HOMO energy level and lower the LUMO energy level of the polymer, and consequently, the band gap can be reduced very effectively. The electronic structures of the two polymers were also studied by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G level. When a polymer solar cell (PSC) device was fabricated with an active layer of a blend of PBDTTID and PC61BM using 3% (v/v) diiodooctane (DIO) as a solvent additive, a high V-oc of 0.80 V was obtained, with a PCE of 3.12% under AM 1.5G conditions. The PBDTTID-based PSC device shows a slightly lower V-oc but better J(sc) and FF than the PBDTTPD-based PSC device, and the preliminary results indicate that TID will be a desirable building block for designing photovoltaic polymers with low-lying HOMO energy levels, as well as low band gaps.”
“Background: Geographic

information systems (GIS) mapping is fairly novel in describing utilization of health services. Our study is the first to use GIS to demonstrate that telehealth pediatric specialty service access would create substantial savings in travel time and distance compared with accessing a tertiary-care center for similar selleck chemical Combretastatin A4 service. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of telehealth encounters and geocoding of patients’ address were done with actual travel along road calculations to estimate travel time and

distance for a visit, compared with a hypothetical visit to the nearest tertiary-care site for the similar service. Results: Over a 2-year period, 255 telehealth visits by 171 patients with a variety of developmental and behavioral diagnoses were made to five telehealth sites. The median travel time and distance saved by accessing a telehealth site were 66.9 min and 63.8 miles, respectively. Of these patients, 12.3% had a median negative estimated savings of 52.7 min and 39.0 miles, which was associated with longer travel burden. Using the straight-line method underestimated the total time and distance traveled by approximately one-quarter of the actual distance (median distance of 20.5 miles underestimate relative to the median distance of 100.7 miles). Conclusions: Telehealth patients experienced significant reduction in travel times and distances. Patients/families would accept an increased burden of spatial accessibility in exchange for reduced burdens in other aspects of access, such as accommodation or acceptability when engaging telehealth services.

1152/ajpendo.90613.2008.-Normal beta-cells adjust their function to compensate for any decrease in insulin sensitivity. Our aim was to explore whether a prolonged fast would allow a study of the effects of changes

in circulating free fatty acid (FFA) levels on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity and whether any potential effects could be reversed by the antilipolytic agent acipimox. Fourteen (8 female, 6 male) healthy young adults (aged 22.8-26.9 yr) without a family history of diabetes and a body mass index of 22.6 +/- 3.2 kg/m(2) were studied on three occasions in random order. Growth hormone and FFA levels were regularly measured overnight (2200-0759), and subjects underwent an intravenous glucose tolerance test in the morning (0800-1100) Bromosporine molecular weight on each visit. Treatment A was an overnight fast, treatment B was a 24-h fast with regular administrations of a placebo, and treatment C was a 24-h fast with regular ingestions of 250 mg of acipimox. The 24-h fast increased overnight FFA levels (as measured by the area under the curve) 2.8-fold [51.3 (45.6-56.9) vs. 18.4 (14.4-22.5) *10(4) mu mol/l*min, P < 0.0001], and it led to decreases in insulin sensitivity [5.7 (3.6-8.9) vs. 2.6 (1.3-4.7) *10(-4) min(-1) per mU/l, P < 0.0001] and the acute insulin response [16.3 (10.9-21.6)

vs. 12.7 (8.7-16.6) *10(2) pmol/l*min, P = 0.02], and therefore a reduction in the disposition index [93.1 (64.8-121.4) vs. 35.5 (21.6-49.4) *10(2) pmol/mU, P < 0.0001]. Administration of acipimox during the 24-h fast lowered FFA levels by an average of 20% (range: -62 to +49%; P = 0.03), resulting in a mean Quisinostat supplier AG-881 inhibitor increase in the disposition index of 31% (P = 0.03). In conclusion, the 24-h fast was accompanied by substantial increases in fasting FFA levels and induced reductions in the acute glucose-simulated insulin response and insulin sensitivity. The use of acipimox during the prolonged fast increased the disposition index, suggesting a partial reversal of the effects of fasting on the acute

insulin response and insulin sensitivity.”
“There is widespread anecdotal evidence that growth hormone (GH) is used by athletes for its anabolic and lipolytic properties. Although there is little evidence that GH improves performance in young healthy adults, randomized controlled studies carried out so far are inadequately designed to demonstrate this, not least because GH is often abused in combination with anabolic steroids and insulin. Some of the anabolic actions of GH are mediated through the generation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and it is believed that this is also being abused. Athletes are exposing themselves to potential harm by self-administering large doses of GH, IGF-I and insulin. The effects of excess GH are exemplified by acromegaly. IGF-I may mediate and cause some of these changes, but in addition, IGF-I may lead to profound hypoglycaemia, as indeed can insulin.

“
“Background

Representatives from a herd of horses with acute onset of neurologic signs after administration of ivermectin presented for evaluation and treatment. Objectives Describe clinical signs of horses intoxicated by ingestion of Solanum sp. and administered ivermectin. Animals Six of 11 affected unrelated horses presented for evaluation and treatment. The remaining 5 affected horses were treated at the farm. Four additional horses, housed separately, were unaffected. Methods Case series is BKM120 presented. Serum ivermectin concentrations were evaluated in the 6 hospitalized horses. The remnants of the tubes of ivermectin paste were analyzed for ivermectin concentration. The hay fed to the affected horses was analyzed for the presence of toxic plants. Results Serum ivermectin concentrations were higher than expected, given the dosage of ivermectin administered. The ivermectin concentration remaining in the administration tubes did not exceed specifications. Selleckchem HIF inhibitor The hay was heavily contaminated by 2 Solanum species. All horses returned to normal neurologic function with supportive care. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Horses might exhibit signs of ivermectin toxicity after appropriate dosing of the drug if they concurrently consume toxic plants of the Solanum family.”
“Early social attachments lie at the heart of emotional and

social development in many mammals, including humans. In nature, monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) experience considerable natural variation in early social attachment opportunities due to differences in family structure [e.g., single-mothers (SM), solitary breeding pairs, and communal groups]. We exploited some of this natural variation in family structure to examine the influence of early social environment on the development of adult social behavior. First, we characterized the parental care received by pups reared biparentally (BP) or by SM in the laboratory. Second, we examined whether BP- and SM-reared offspring differed in adult nurturing, bonding, and Caspase inhibitor reviewCaspases apoptosis emotional behaviors. Finally, we investigated the effects of rearing condition on neuropeptide

systems that regulate adult social behavior [oxytocin (OT), vasopressin, and corticotropin-releasing factor, (CRF)]. Observations revealed that SM-reared pups were exposed more frequently (P < 0.01), licked and groomed less (P < 0.01), and matured more slowly (P < 0.01) than BP-reared pups. In adulthood, there were striking socio-behavioral differences: SM-reared females showed low spontaneous, pup-directed alloparental behavior (P < 0.01) and both males and females from the SM-reared condition showed delayed partner preference formation. While rearing did not impact neuropeptide receptor densities in the ventral forebrain as we predicted, SM-reared animals, particularly females, had increased OT content (P < 0.01) and greater dorsal raphe CRF2 densities (P < 0.

1 +/- 0.6 min(-1)), and vimentin was modified at a rate 9.48 +/- 1.95-fold greater than actin. We employed tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify sites of ADP-ribosylation on find more vimentin. The primary sites of modification were Arg-44 and -49 in the head domain, with several additional secondary sites identified. Because the primary sites are located in a domain of vimentin known to be important for the regulation of polymerization by phosphorylation, we investigated the effects of SpyA activity on vimentin polymerization, utilizing an in vitro NaCl-induced filamentation assay. SpyA inhibited vimentin filamentation, whereas a catalytic site mutant of SpyA had no effect. Additionally, we demonstrated mTOR inhibitor that expression

of SpyA in HeLa cells resulted in collapse

of the vimentin cytoskeleton, whereas expression in RAW 264.7 cells impeded vimentin reorganization upon stimulation of this macrophage-like cell line with LPS. We conclude that SpyA modification of vimentin occurs in an important regulatory region of the head domain and has significant functional effects on vimentin assembly.”
“Mdm2, a regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, is frequently overexpressed in human malignancies. Mdm2 also has unresolved, p53-independent functions that contribute to tumorigenesis. Here, we show that increased Mdm2 expression induced chromosome/chromatid breaks and delayed DNA double-strand break repair in cells lacking p53 but not in cells with a mutant form of Nbs1, a component of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 DNA repair complex. A 31-amino-acid region of Mdm2 was necessary for binding to Nbs1. Mutation of conserved amino acids in the Nbs1 binding domain of Mdm2 inhibited Mdm2-Nbs1 association and prevented Mdm2 from delaying phosphorylation of H2AX and ATM-S/TQ sites, repair of DNA breaks, and resolution of DNA damage foci. Similarly, the mutation of eight amino acids in the Mdm2 binding domain of Nbs1 inhibited Mdm2-Nbs1

interaction and blocked the ability of Mdm2 to delay DNA break repair. Both Nbs1 and ATM, but not the ubiquitin ligase activity of Mdm2, were necessary to inhibit DNA break repair. Only Mdm2 with an intact Nbs1 binding domain was able to increase the frequency of chromosome/chromatid breaks and the transformation efficiency of cells lacking p53. Therefore, the interaction of Mdm2 with Nbs1 inhibited BIBF 1120 mouse DNA break repair, leading to chromosome instability and subsequent transformation that was independent of p53.”
“OBJECTIVE: More than 75% of Indian toddlers are anemic. Data on factors associated with anemia in India are limited. The objective of this study was to determine biological, nutritional, and socioeconomic risk factors for anemia in this vulnerable age group.\n\nMETHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of children aged 12 to 23 months in 2 rural districts of Karnataka, India. Children were excluded if they were unwell or had received a blood transfusion.

“
“The serrated pathway to colorectal tumor formation involves oncogenic mutations in the BRAF gene, which are sufficient for initiation GSK2126458 datasheet of hyperplastic growth but not for tumor progression. A previous analysis of colorectal tumors revealed that overexpression of splice variant Rac1b occurs in around 80% of tumors with mutant BRAF and both events proved to cooperate in tumor cell survival. Here, we provide evidence for increased expression of Rac1b in patients with inflamed human colonic

mucosa as well as following experimentally induced colitis in mice. The increase of Rac1b in the mouse model was specifically prevented by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen, which also inhibited Rac1b expression in cultured HT29 colorectal tumor cells through a cyclooxygenase inhibition-independent mechanism. Accordingly, the presence of ibuprofen led to a reduction of HT29 cell survival in vitro and inhibited Rac1b-dependent tumor growth of HT29 xenografts. Together, our results suggest that stromal cues, namely, inflammation, can trigger changes in Rac1b expression in the colon

and identify ibuprofen as a highly specific and efficient inhibitor of Rac1b www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html overexpression in colorectal tumors. Our data suggest that the use of ibuprofen may be beneficial in the treatment of patients with serrated colorectal tumors or with inflammatory colon syndromes.”
“We have determined the crystal structure of

the broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) AP33, bound to a peptide corresponding to hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 envelope glycoprotein antigenic site 412 to 423. Comparison with bnAb HCV1 bound to the same epitope reveals a different angle of approach to the antigen by bnAb AP33 and slight variation in its beta-hairpin conformation of the epitope. These structures establish two different modes of binding to E2 that antibodies adopt to neutralize diverse HCV.”
“It has long been known that the maintenance of fast communication between neurons requires that presynaptic terminals recycle the small vesicles from which neurotransmitter is released. But the mechanisms that retrieve vesicles from the cell surface are still not understood. Although we have a wealth of information about the molecular details of endocytosis in non-neuronal cells, it is clear that endocytosis LDK378 at the synapse is faster and regulated in distinct ways. A satisfying understanding of these processes will require molecular events to be manipulated while observing endocytosis in living synapses. Here, we review recent work that seeks to bridge the gap between physiology and molecules to unravel the endocytic machinery operating at the synaptic terminal.”
“Areas covered in this review: We have summarised available data concerning the role of Hsp90 in oesophageal carcinoma as well as available information on other tumour types.

Design: HBM cases came from the UK-based HBM study: HBM was defined by BMD Z-score. Unaffected relatives of index cases were recruited as Nutlin 3 family controls. Age-stratified

random sampling was used to select further population controls from the Chingford and Hertfordshire cohort studies. Pelvic radiographs were pooled and assessed by a single observer blinded to case-control status. Analyses used logistic regression, adjusted for age, gender and body mass index (BMI). Results: 530 HBM hips in 272 cases (mean age 62.9 years, 74% female) and 1702 control hips in 863 controls (mean age 64.8 years, 84% female) were analysed. The prevalence of radiographic OA, defined as Croft score bigger than = 3, was higher in cases compared with controls (20.0% vs 13.6%), with adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% CI] 1.52 [1.09, 2.11], P = 0.013. Osteophytes (OR 2.12 [1.61, 2.79], P smaller than 0.001) and subchondral www.selleckchem.com/products/th-302.html sclerosis

(OR 2.78 [1.49, 5.18], P = 0.001) were more prevalent in cases. However, no difference in the prevalence of joint space narrowing (JSN) was seen (OR 0.97 [0.72, 1.33], P = 0.869). Conclusions: An increased prevalence of radiographic hip OA and osteophytosis was observed in HBM cases compared with controls, in keeping with a positive association between HBM and OA and suggesting that OA in HBM has a hypertrophic phenotype. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd and Osteoarthritis Research Society International.”
“The present study examined whether the hippocampal formation of homing pigeons (Columba livia) was necessary for learning the contents of different goal locations in an open-field, laboratory environment. Results showed that, although control animals were able to distinguish between

two goal Stem Cell Compound Library high throughput locations that contained food items of different quality, pigeons with bilateral hippocampal lesions were impaired in goal-quality discrimination, even though non-spatial cues could have been used to distinguish between goal locations. Probe trials further revealed that the hippocampal formation-lesioned pigeons were impaired in the use of space to recognize goal locations as well as having a poorer capacity to integrate spatial information with the visual features of food bowls. These results promote a revised view of avian hippocampal memory function, one in which the avian hippocampal formation is critical not only for learning the spatial properties of goal locations but also for learning what happens at goal locations in an animal’s environment.”
“Half-life (t (1/2)) is the oldest but least well understood pharmacokinetic parameter, because most definitions are related to hypothetical 1-compartment body models that don’t describe most drugs in humans. Alternatively, terminal half-life (t (1/2,z)) is utilized as the single defining t (1/2) for most drugs.

\n\nMethodology:An anonymous, self-administered

questionnaire was used for the study which inquired about gender, number of daily smoked cigarettes, feeling addicted, attempt and success or failure at quitting, most important factor that helped in quitting smoking and reasons of smoking were compared between the medical college and non-medical college students.\n\nResults: The total medical college students in the study were 444 and among them 32.7% were smokers. The total non-medical college students were 405 and among them 41% were smokers (p=0.012). Nine point seven percent medical students and only 6% non-medical students were successful in quitting their habit of smoking (p=0.231).\n\nConclusion: There was significant difference in smoking behaviour among the group. Being medical students it had effect on the decision to smoke, which may have modified their consumption level.”
“Separation selleck chemical of unshelled peanuts containing three or more kernels and then niche marketing them can potentially S63845 solubility dmso increase the value of unshelled peanuts and thus the profit

of peanut producers or processors. Effective identification of peanut pods with three or more kernels is a critical step prior to separation. In this study, a machine vision system was teamed up with neural network technique to discriminate unshelled peanuts into two groups: one with three or more kernels and the other with two or less kernels. A set of physical features including the number of bumps, projected area, length and perimeter, etc., were extracted from the images taken and used to train an artificial neural network Cyclopamine mw for discriminating the peanuts. It was found that among all the selected features, the length, the major axis length and perimeter have the best correlation with the number of kernels

(correlation coefficient r = 0.87-0.88); the area and convex area have good correlation (r = 0.85); the eccentricity, number of bumps, and the compactness have relatively lower correction (r = 0.77-0.80); the solidity and the minor axis length have the least correlation to the number of kernels (r = -0.415-0.26). The best discrimination accuracy obtained for peanut pods with three or more kernels was 92.5% for the conditions used in this study.”
“1. The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms identified within the ADSL (adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency) gene and GARS-AIRS-GART (glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase-glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase) gene with the content of inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) was studied in a population of male Beijing-you (BJY) chickens slaughtered at 90 d of age. 2. A single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 2 of the ADSL gene had an effect on IMP content.

The key idea in this work is modifying the depletion region in the channel for improving the electrical performances. The proposed structure consists of upper and lower gates. Also, the lower gate is divided into a number (N) of smaller step-shaped sections. Therefore, we have called the proposed structure multiple-recessed 4H-SiC MESFET (MR-MESFET). DC and RF characteristics of the MR-MESFET structure with various lower gate segments are analyzed by 2D numerical simulation. The simulated results show that as the number of the lower gate sections increases, the channel SB202190 concentration depletion region is modified

and the drain current (I-D) enhances. Also, by increasing the number of the lower gate sections, the breakdown voltage (V-BR) enhances, too. Improvement of the I-D and VBR leads to a further increase in the output power density of the device. Also, cut-off frequency (f(T)), maximum oscillation frequency (f(max)). and maximum available gain (MAG) improvements

ZD1839 manufacturer are achieved for the MR-MESFET structure with further number of the lower gate sections. The results show that the MR-MESFET structure with higher number of the lower gate segments has superior electrical characteristics and performances in comparison with the MR-MESFET structure with fewer number of the lower gate sections. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Researchers in many fields are interested in the robust observation that

higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with better mental and physical health. Prominent explanations for the association involve effects of stress due to relative material and social https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cbl0137-cbl-0137.html adversity in lower socioeconomic environments, but early-life intelligence may also contribute directly to both later-life socioeconomic status and health. Here, we evaluated the effects of early-life IQ on mental and physical health outcomes at age 70, in the context of effects of SES. Design: The Lothian Birth Cohort of 1936 took part in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947, providing a measure of IQ at age 11. They have been extensively surveyed at age 70. Main Outcome Measures: Body mass index, constraints on daily life activities, hospital anxiety and depression, number of diseases, level of physical activity, weekly units of alcohol consumption, and pack-years of smoking. Results and Conclusion: SES had apparently direct effects on most outcomes, but age 11 IQ was also involved in several, either directly or because it contributed to SES. Several interactions helped to integrate these associations. High age-11 IQ tended to buffer effects of adverse environments on physical and mental problems in old age.

“
“Background Reported adverse events (RAEs) are relatively common in the acute hospital and are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Dementia is increasing in hospital in-patients, however there have been few studies exploring risk factors for RAEs, in particular LY2835219 cognitive impairment and dementia. Our objective was to identify the prevalence of RAEs in older acute medical inpatients and associated demographic, clinical or cognitive risk factors.\n\nMethod: A longitudinal cohort study set on acute medical

wards in a large general hospital. We recruited 710 people aged over 70 years undergoing emergency medical admission. Dementia was diagnosed using operationalised DSM-IV criteria. check details Patients were assessed using standardised tools including the Confusion Assessment Method, mini-mental state examination, the Functional Assessment Staging scale, the APACHE scale and Charlson co-morbidity index. Data on adverse events was supplied independently by the hospital clinical risk department.\n\nResults: 8.6%

(95% CI 6.4-10.6) of patients experienced an RAE; 5.9% (95% CI 4.2-7.6) were patientrelated and 2.7% (95% CI 1.5-3.8) system-related (incidence rate for all RAEs was 2.1 (95% CI 1.7-2.8)) per person year of hospital admission. Median length of admission was 8 days (inter-quartile range 4-17 days). Patient-related RAEs were associated with male gender, delirium, mild/ moderate cognitive impairment and a FAST score of 2-6. Overall, 11.1% died during the admission-this was not associated with experiencing an RAE. Staff comments on incident forms indicated an apparent lack of understanding of the impact of cognitive impairment.\n\nConclusions: RAEs were MK5108 chemical structure common and associated with risk factors identifiable at admission. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Cancer is the leading

cause of the death, accounts for about 13% of all annual deaths worldwide. Many different fields of science are collaborating together studying cancer to improve our knowledge of this lethal disease, and find better solutions for diagnosis and treatment. Proteomics is one of the most recent and rapidly growing areas in molecular biology that helps understanding cancer from an omics data analysis point of view. The human proteome project was officially initiated in 2008. Proteomics enables the scientists to interrogate a variety of biospecimens for their protein contents and measure the concentrations of these proteins. Current necessary equipment and technologies for cancer proteomics are mass spectrometry, protein microarrays, nanotechnology and bioinformatics. In this paper, we provide a brief review on proteomics and its application in cancer research. After a brief introduction including its definition, we summarize the history of major previous work conducted by researchers, followed by an overview on the role of proteomics in cancer studies.

This study aimed to identify proteins produced by B-30929 in response to environmental EtOH. Cellular proteins expressed by B-30929 growing inmedia with 10 versus 0% EtOH were compared by 2DE, followed by in-gel digestion and MALDI-MS analyses. Twenty EtOH responsive proteins were identified. These include a proline-specific peptidase (Lbuc_1852); a membrane protein (Lbuc_0921), two general stress-related proteins including a 10 kDa chaperonin (GroESL Lbuc_1359) and a 29 kDa member of the HK 97 family (Lbuc_1523); metabolic enzymes involving redox potential balances (Lbuc_2051 and Lbuc_0522) and carbohydrate fermentation (Lbuc_1319 and Lbuc_2157); nitrogen, amino acid, and fatty acid

metabolism proteins (Lbuc_1994, Lbuc_0446, Lbuc_0858, Lbuc_0707, and Lbuc_0787). These changes suggested B-30929 cells respond to PP2 datasheet EtOH by degradation of available proteins and fatty acids and increased production of specific enzymes and molecular chaperons. These results can be used to guide genetic modifications to increase EtOH tolerance in industrial biocatalysts. The data have been deposited to World-2DPAGE (http://world-2dpage.expasy.org/repository/0068/; username liu, password 1h8d6Mg1).”
“Ethnic differences in renal calcium and phosphate excretion exist, which may depend on differences in their

dietary intakes and regulatory factors. We report highly significant differences Selleckchem Duvelisib in urinary calcium and phosphate excretion between white British and Gambian adults after statistical adjustment for mineral intakes, indicating an independent effect of ethnicity. Introduction Populations vary in their risk of age-related osteoporosis. There are racial or ethnic differences in the metabolism of the bone-forming minerals calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P), with a lower renal Ca and P excretion in African-Americans compared to white counterparts, even at similar intakes and rates of

absorption. Also, Africans in The Gambia have a lower Ca excretion compared to white British subjects, groups known to differ in their dietary Ca intake. Here, we report on differences in urinary Ca and P excretion between Gambian and white British adults while allowing for known predictors, including dietary intakes. Methods Participants were healthy white British (n = 60) and Gambian (n = 61) men and women aged 60-75 years. Fasting blood and 2-h urine samples BKM120 manufacturer were collected. Markers of Ca and P metabolism were analysed. Dietary intake was assessed with country-specific methods. Results White British older adults had higher creatinine-corrected urinary Ca and P excretion (uCa/uCr, uP/uCr) and lower tubular maximum of Ca and P compared to Gambian counterparts. The predictors of urinary Ca and P differed between groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that dietary Ca and Ca/P were predictors of uCa/uCr and uP/uCr, respectively. Ethnicity remained a significant predictor of uCa/uCr and uP/uCr after adjustment for diet and other factors.