\n\nConclusion-Activation of the EP3 receptor raises baseline blood pressure and contributes to Ang II dependent hypertension a least partially via enhancing Ca2+ sensitivity and intracellular calcium concentration in vascular smooth muscle cells. Selective targeting of the EP3 receptor may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:3024-3032.)”
“SPIN90 is a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal organization. Using the BioGRID(beta) database (General Repository for Interaction Datasets), we identified IRSp53 as a binding partner of SPIN90, and confirmed the in vivo formation of a SPIN90-IRSp53 complex

mediated through direct association of the proline-rich domain (PRD) of

SPIN90 with the SH3 domain of IRSp53. SPIN90 and IRSp53 positively cooperated to mediate Rac PD0332991 activation, BMS-777607 molecular weight and co-expression of SPIN90 and IRSp53 in COS-7 cells led to the complex formation of SPIN90-IRSp53 in the leading edge of cells. PDGF treatment induced strong colocalization of SPIN90 and IRSp53 at membrane protrusions. Within such PDGF-induced protrusions, knockdown of SPIN90 protein using siRNA significantly reduced lamellipodia-like protrusions as well as localization of IRSp53 at those sites. Finally, competitive inhibition of SPIN90-IRSp53 binding by SPIN90 PRD dramatically reduced ruffle formation, further suggesting that SPIN90 plays a key role in the formation of the membrane protrusions associated with cell motility. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Most centres in Europe have not introduced

a rapid response team (RRT), partly because of concerns that data from other health-care systems may not be relevant. We tested whether patient characteristics and outcomes for deteriorating patients differ between two health-care systems separated by distance and culture.\n\nWe obtained data from 3,063 RRT calls: 815 calls at Karolinska University Hospital (Sweden) and β-Nicotinamide in vitro 2,248 calls at Austin Hospital (Australia) and compared demographic and clinical data, as well as outcomes for patients reviewed by a RRT.\n\nAt Karolinska, 46.9% of patients were 123 female compared with 45.1% at Austin. Mean age was 66.5 years versus 69.4 years. The unit of admission was surgical/medical in 49.1%/50.9% versus 48.8%/51.1% of patients, respectively. Overall, 56.7% versus 55.8% of the calls were out-of-hours (1700-0800 hours). There was a predominance of respiratory triggers at both centres and the “worried” criterion was frequently used in both hospitals (17.2% versus 14.4%) as a trigger for RRT activation. Overall, 30-day mortality was 27.7% versus 29.4% and allocation of Limitations of Medical Treatment (LOMT) orders was 34.2% versus 30.8%. The allocation of LOMT orders was influenced by the RRT in 14.4% versus 12.6% of cases.

OP hypertensive animals had significantly check details reduced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the soliltary tract and the caudal ventrolateral medulla in response to CCK when compared to controls and/or OR animals, indicative of impaired signalling pathways in

the brainstem 4 within the reflex circuit between vagal afferents and presympathetic RVLM neurons. Blunted sympathoinhibitory responses in obesity-related hypertension are associated with blunted responses in RVLM neurons as a result of aberrant central but not peripheral signalling mechanisms. The gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) acts at subdiaphragmatic vagal afferents to induce renal and splanchnic sympathoinhibition and vasodilatation, via reflex inhibition of a subclass of cardiovascular-controlling neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM). These sympathoinhibitory and vasodilator responses are blunted in obese, hypertensive rats and our aim in the present study was to determine whether this is attributable to (i) altered sensitivity of presympathetic vasomotor RVLM neurons, and (ii) aberrant peripheral or central signalling mechanisms. Using a diet-induced obesity model, male Sprague-Dawley rats exhibited either an obesity-prone (OP) or obesity-resistant Ulixertinib (OR) phenotype when placed

on a medium high fat diet for 13-15weeks; control animals were placed on a low fat diet. OP animals had elevated resting arterial pressure compared to OR/control animals (P smaller than 0.05). Barosensitivity of RVLM neurons was significantly attenuated in OP animals (P smaller than 0.05), suggesting altered baroreflex gain. CCK induced inhibitory responses in RVLM neurons of OR/control animals but not OP animals. Subdiaphragmatic vagal nerve responsiveness to CCK and CCK1 receptor mRNA expression in nodose ganglia did not differ between the groups, but CCK induced significantly less Fos-like Fer-1 solubility dmso immunoreactivity in both the nucleus of the solitary tract and the caudal ventrolateral medulla of OP animals compared

to controls (P smaller than 0.05). These results suggest that blunted sympathoinhibitory and vasodilator responses in obesity-related hypertension are due to alterations in RVLM neuronal responses, resulting from aberrant central but not peripheral signalling mechanisms. In obesity, blunted sympathoinhibitory mechanisms may lead to increased regional vascular resistance and contribute to the development of hypertension.”
“Background: Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that may require emergency medical system (EMS) transport. Fatal anaphylaxis is associated with delayed epinephrine administration. Patient outcome data to assess appropriateness of EMS epinephrine administration are sparse.

All of them had uneventful postoperative recovery period and were still pain-free at the latest follow up after 26.6 months (24/30). Median time-to-return to competitive sports level was 10 weeks (8/13). None of the patients developed pubic instability due to symphyseal spur resection. The results of considerable postoperative improvement in our patients highlight the significance of posterior symphyseal spurs as a diagnostic possibility in athletes with chronic MLN2238 price groin pain.”
“Purpose of review\n\nThe present review is intended to provide a critical

overview of recent investigations of obesity among older persons with emphasis upon associated functional limitations, potential for intervention, and a future research agenda.\n\nRecent findings\n\123 nObesity is growing in prevalence among older persons. The association between obesity and functional decline is well documented. Recent findings suggest possible contributions of obesity-associated inflammatory milieu, sarcopenia, and impairment of muscle function/strength to adverse functional outcomes. A growing body of literature supports consideration of moderate weight

reduction to secure improved metabolic and functional parameters for obese older persons.\n\nSummary\n\nObesity is associated with an unfortunate burden of chronic disease, functional limitation, and poor life quality. In view of the growing numbers of afflicted older individuals, there must be research priority to discern how obesity

impacts function so that Fludarabine solubility dmso appropriate prevention and treatment strategies may be adopted.”
“A novel picornavirus genome was sequenced, showing 42.6%, 35.2%, and 44.6% of deduced amino acid identities corresponding to the P1, P2, and P3 regions, respectively, of the Aichi virus. Divergent strains of this new virus, which we named salivirus, were detected in 18 stool samples from Nigeria, Tunisia, Nepal, and the United States. A statistical association was seen between virus shedding and unexplained cases of gastroenteritis in Nepal (P = 0.0056). Viruses with approximately 90% nucleotide similarity, named klassevirus, were also recently reported this website in three cases of unexplained diarrhea from the United States and Australia and in sewage from Spain, reflecting a global distribution and supporting a pathogenic role for this new group of picornaviruses.”
“High-throughput sequencing technology enables population-level surveys of human genomic variation. Here, we examine the joint allele frequency distributions across continental human populations and present an approach for combining complementary aspects of whole-genome, low-coverage data and targeted high-coverage data.

AFCs are characterised by typical environmental problems such as 432 changes in land use, CO2 emissions, energy and water consumption, and chemical pollution. Recent technological changes in the agri-food industry have influenced the economic and social development of AFCs towards progressive industrialization. Such changes

have also been the source of new environmental problems, such as those related to the large-scale use and disposal of auxiliary materials. Industrial Ecology (IE) proposes approaches and applied solutions to reduce the environmental impacts and improve the competitiveness of production activities. Major applications of IE in AFCs currently involve the valorisation of animal and vegetable by-products and scraps. Further

improvements can be achieved by adopting IE-based solutions focused on auxiliary material wastes. This article analyses Entinostat price the potential development of IE-based approaches in a representative Italian AFC. Empirical evidence shows that efficient solutions can be implemented through material substitution, repair, and recycling, and by exploiting collaborative strategies among the agri-food Torin 2 manufacturer and industrial companies established in the area. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) uptake transporters are important for the disposition of many drugs and perturbed OATP activity can contribute to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It is well documented that both genetic and environmental factors can alter OATP expression and activity. Genetic factors include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that change OATP activity and epigenetic regulation that modify OATP expression levels. SNPs in OATPs contribute to

ADRs. Environmental factors include the pharmacological context of drug-drug interactions and the physiological context of liver diseases. Liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cholestasis and hepatocellular carcinoma change the expression of multiple OATP isoforms. The role of liver diseases in the occurrence of ADRs is unknown.\n\nAreas covered: This article covers the roles OATPs play in ADRs when considered in the context of genetic or environmental factors. The reader will gain RG-7388 a greater appreciation for the current evidence regarding the salience and importance of each factor in OATP-mediated ADRs.\n\nExpert opinion: A SNP in a single OATP transporter can cause changes in drug pharmacokinetics and contribute to ADRs but, because of overlap in substrate specificities, there is potential for compensatory transport by other OATP isoforms. By contrast, the expression of multiple OATP isoforms is decreased in liver diseases, reducing compensatory transport and thereby increasing the probability of ADRs.

However, addition of MDCA (0.2-1.25 mM), did not suppress 4 p-hydroxybenzoic acid accumulation but suppressed lignin and total flavonoid accumulation,

suggesting that 4CL enzyme activity is not required for p-hydroxybenzoic acid formation. Feeding of elicited hairy roots with phenylalanine, coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde had a stimulatory effect on p-hydroxybenzoic acid accumulation; however, maximum stimulatory effect was shown by p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. This suggests that p-hydroxybenzaldehyde might be the immediate precursor in p-hydroxybenzoic acid biosynthesis. Finally, in vitro conversion of p-coumaric acid to p-hydroxybenzoic acid with p-hydroxybenzaldehyde as intermediate using cell-free extract provided SB202190 ic50 an unequivocal support for CoA-independent and non-beta-oxidative route of p-hydroxybenzoic LXH254 mw acid biosynthesis in Daucus carota. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.”
“Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKII alpha) is an essential mediator of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity that possesses multiple protein functions. So far, the autophosphorylation site-mutant mice targeted at T286 and at T305/306 have demonstrated the importance of the autonomous activity and Ca2+/calmodulin-binding capacity of CaMKII alpha, respectively, in

the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampus-dependent learning. However, kinase activity of CaMKII alpha, the most essential enzymatic function, has not been genetically dissected yet. Here, we generated a novel CaMKII alpha knock-in mouse that completely lacks its kinase activity by introducing K42R mutation and examined the effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and behavioral learning. In homozygous CaMKII alpha (K42R) mice, kinase activity was reduced to the same level as in CaMKII alpha-null mice, whereas CaMKII protein expression was well preserved. Tetanic stimulation failed to induce not only LTP but also sustained dendritic spine enlargement, a structural

basis for LTP, at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse, whereas activity-dependent GSK458 postsynaptic translocation of CaMKII alpha was preserved. In addition, CaMKII alpha (K42R) mice showed a severe impairment in inhibitory avoidance learning, a form of memory that is dependent on the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that kinase activity of CaMKII alpha is a common critical gate controlling structural, functional, and behavioral expression of synaptic memory.”
“Toker A, Salzer L. Pediatric liver transplantation Ethical dilemmas in a disabled patient. ?Pediatr Transplantation 2011. (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Allocation of medical resources, especially resources with absolute scarcity such as organs for transplant, is a difficult task. Medical, surgical, and ethical considerations should be evaluated.

\n\nThere is a great need to optimize living donor kidney transplantation programmes by using Selonsertib a new strategy of: a. Detailed and adequate medical and psychosocial evaluation, ensuring that the need to increase programme activity will not overshadow the most important principle -donor safety. b. Total removal of all disincentives and financial obstacles that discourage potential donors, and provision of financial coverage for the follow-up. c.

Sufficient detailed information about the option of living donor kidney transplantation, its results, and donor safety, delivered to relatives of patients with end-stage renal disease and to the patients themselves.”
“Aim: To investigate the relationship of forearm length (FL) or height to bone parameters of the forearm of a normal pediatric population in comparison to individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Methods: Data on FL, height and peripheral quantitative computed tomography measurements

of the forearm were collected from participants of the DONALD study (140 males and 156 females; age 5-19 years) and from 73 patients with OI (53 males; mean age +/- SD: 11.7 +/- 3.3 years). Bone mineral content (BMC) was transformed into standard deviation score (SDS) according to height or FL. Results: Height and Tanner stages significantly predicted FL in males (R(adjusted)(2) = 0.960) and 432 females (R(adjusted)(2) = 0.934). Height was a stronger predictor Emricasan in vivo of FL than Tanner stages. Compared to controls,

patients with OI were characterized by lower BMC-SDS FL and lower BMC-SDS height (-0.37 +/- 1.77 vs. 0.00 +/- 0.97, p = 0.002, and -0.15 +/- 5.0 vs. -0.02 +/- 1.01, p = 0.011, respectively). BMC-SDS(FL) was not significantly lower than BMC-SDS height in controls, and also not lower in patients with OI (p = 0.865 and p = 0.809). The height/FL ratio was significantly decreased in patients with OI (mean +/- SD: 6.34 +/- 0.38 vs. 6.45 +/- 0.21, p = 0.001) compared with controls. Conclusion: Because of disproportional growth, BMC may be overestimated in OI patients. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The effect of a Schiff-base ligand (N,N’-ethylenebis(acetylacetone iminato)dianion = acacen) on size and optical properties GDC-0941 solubility dmso of TiO2 nanoparticles in a two-step sal-gel method was investigated. Different amounts of Schiff-base ligand were applied and the as-prepared products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, Electron Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Molecular orbital structure of acacen was calculated by density functional theory (DFT) in order to determine the exact orbital energies and electron transfer pathways.

Research over the last decade has found a variety of abnormalities in the processing of motion information in schizophrenia. The abnormalities span from discrimination of basic motion features (such as speed)

to integration of spatially distributed Selleck Z-DEVD-FMK motion signals (such as 3 coherent motion). Motion processing involves visual signals across space and time and thus presents a special opportunity to examine how spatial and temporal information is integrated in the visual system. This article surveys the behavioral and neuroimaging studies that probe into the spatial integration of motion information in schizophrenia. An emerging theme from these studies points to an imbalanced regulation of spatial interaction processes as a potential mechanism mediating different levels of abnormal motion processing in schizophrenia. The synthesis of these mechanism-driven studies suggests that further investigation of the neural basis and functional consequences of

this abnormal motion processing are needed in order to render a basic biomarker for assessment and intervention of cognitive dysfunction in this www.selleckchem.com/products/azd2014.html mental disorder.”
“Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of transtympanic L-N-Acetylcysteine (L-NAC) administration in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.\n\nStudy DesignProspective randomized nonblinded open-label clinical trial.\n\nMethodsTranstympanic 2% L-NAC was administered to one randomly selected ear with the other ear as control in each patient. Primary outcome parameter was the difference in the loss of pure

tone averages (PTA) at 2, 4, and 8 kHz between the L-NAC and control ear at 1 to 2 months following chemotherapy.\n\nResultsEleven patients completed the study, with CB-839 cost two patients demonstrating significantly better hearing in the L-NAC treated ear (18.2%). However, for the overall group, the difference in hearing preservation did not reach significance. Two percent L-NAC administration was well tolerated in this patient population. There were no adverse effects associated with L-NAC.\n\nConclusion Although the study did not demonstrate a significant benefit overall, transtympanic L-NAC was associated with significantly better hearing in two patients. Better delivery methods may improve the efficacy of this treatment. L-NAC remains a promising drug in preventing cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.”
“Steroid sex hormones play critical roles in the development of brain regions used for vocal learning. It has been suggested that puberty-induced increases in circulating testosterone (T) levels crystallize a bird’s repertoire and inhibit future song learning. Previous studies show that early administration of T crystallizes song repertoires but have not addressed whether new songs can be learned after this premature crystallization.

(C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Biliary metabolites present at 6 h post-dose following a single oral dose of [C-14]-diclofenac (10 mg kg(-1)) to male

bile duct-cannulated C57BL/6 J mice were profiled and 4 identified. Over the 6 h duration of the study similar to 19.5 % of the administered radioactivity was excreted into the bile as either [C-14]-diclofenac or metabolites. When profiled using HPLC with online radiodetection, the presence of at least 13 radiolabelled components was indicated. These compounds were shown, by consecutive reaction mass spectrometry, to comprise a range of hydroxylated metabolites conjugated RG-7388 concentration to either taurine, glucose and/or glucuronic acid. Both phenolic and acylglucuronide-containing metabolites were observed. GSK923295 The confirmation of the presence of these glucuronide conjugates in mouse bile may have important consequences in the light of emerging theories concerning the role of bacterial glucuronidases for the GI-tract toxicity of NSAIDs such as diclofenac.”
“As one of the most important centers of origin for the genus Citrus L, China is rich in wild mandarin germplasm. In this study, phenolic compounds in the fruit pulps of 14 wild mandarins

(Citrus reticulate Blanco.) native to China were determined and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated by the DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and ORAC methods. We found that Nieduyeju had the highest total phenolic Screening Library order content (22.26+/-0.64 mg/g DW), and Wangcangzhoupigan had the highest total flavonoid content (3.82+/-0.19 mg/g, DW). Hesperidin was the dominant flavonoid, and Guangxihongpisuanju (22.13+/-0.33 mg/g DW) was with the highest content of this flavonoid among the 14 samples studied. Ferulic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid, and Nieduyeju (2336.07+/-145.66 mu g/g, DW) was with the highest extractable ferulic acid, while Guangxihongpisuanju (170.28+/-5.03 mu g/g, DW) was with the highest bound ferulic acid. Additionally, the overall antioxidant potency composite

(APC) index showed obvious variations in the citrus fruits examined (52.26-88.73). The wild citrus fruits Nieduyeju, Wangcangzhoupigan and Guangxihongpisuanju presented significantly higher APC indices than the mandarin cultivars Satsuma and Ponkan (p smaller than 0.05). Overall, Nieduyeju, Guangxihongpisuanju, and Wangcangzhoupigan fruits pulps contained more phenolics and exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than the cultivars Satsuma and Ponkan, and were good sources of phytochemicals and natural antioxidants. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BackgroundTissue factor pathway inhibitor- (TFPI) inhibits factorXa by forming a binary TFPI-FXa complex in a reaction that is stimulated by proteinS. TF-FVIIa forms a quaternary complex with TFPI and FXa, which shuts off the initiation of coagulation via the extrinsic pathway.

Humans possess three main phenotypes of Hp, designated Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1, and Hp 2-2. These variants exhibit diverse structural configurations and have been reported to be functionally nonequivalent. We have investigated the functional and redox properties of Hb-Hp complexes prepared using commercially fractionated Hp and found that all forms exhibit similar behavior. The rate of Hb dimer binding to Hp occurs with bimolecular rate constants of similar to 0.9 mu M-1 s(-1), irrespective of the type of Hp assayed. Although Hp binding does accelerate the observed rate of HbO(2) autoxidation by dissociating Hb tetramers into dimers, the rate observed for

these bound dimers is three- to fourfold slower than that of Hb dimers free in

solution. Co-incubation of ferric Hb with any form of Hp inhibits heme loss to below FK228 in vivo detectable levels. Intrinsic ISRIB mouse redox potentials (E-1/2) of the ferric/ferrous pair of each Hb-Hp complex are similar, varying from +54 to +59 mV (vs NHE), and are essentially the same as reported by us previously for Hb-Hp complexes prepared from unfractionated Hp. All Hb-Hp complexes generate similar high amounts of ferryl Hb after exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Electron paramagnetic resonance data indicate that the yields of protein-based radicals during this process are approximately 4 to 5% and are unaffected by the variant of Hp assayed. These data indicate that the Hp fractions GSK J4 examined are equivalent to one another with respect to Hb binding and associated stability and redox properties and that this result should be taken into account in the design of phenotype-specific

Hp therapeutics aimed at countering Hb-mediated vascular disease.”
“DNA profile interpretation has benefitted from recent improvements that use semi-continuous or fully continuous methods to interpret information within an electropherogram. These methods are likelihood ratio based and currently require that a number of contributors be assigned prior to analysis. Often there is ambiguity in the choice of number of contributors, and an analyst is left with the task of determining what they believe to be the most probable number. The choice can be particularly important when the difference between two possible contributor numbers means the difference between excluding a person of interest as being a possible contributor, and producing a statistic that favours their inclusion. Presenting both options in a court of law places the decision with the court. We demonstrate here an MCMC method of correctly weighting 432 analyses of DNA profile data spanning a range of contributors. We explore the theoretical behaviour of such a weight and demonstrate these theories using practical examples. We also highlight the issues with omitting this weight term from the LR calculation when considering different numbers of contributors in the one calculation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

(C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Comparative genomic analyses of primates offer

considerable potential to define and understand the processes that mold, shape, and transform the human genome. However, primate taxonomy is both complex and controversial, with marginal unifying consensus of the evolutionary hierarchy of extant primate species. Here we provide new genomic sequence (similar to 8 Mb) from 186 primates representing 61 (similar to 90%) of the described genera, and we include outgroup species from Dermoptera, Scandentia, and Lagomorpha. The resultant phylogeny is exceptionally robust and illuminates events in primate evolution from ancient to recent, clarifying numerous taxonomic controversies and providing new data on human evolution. Ongoing speciation, reticulate evolution, ancient relic

BIX 01294 cell line lineages, unequal rates of evolution, and disparate distributions of insertions/deletions among the reconstructed primate lineages are uncovered. Our resolution of the primate phylogeny provides an essential evolutionary framework with far-reaching applications including: human selection and adaptation, global emergence of zoonotic diseases, mammalian comparative genomics, primate taxonomy, and conservation of endangered species.”
“Introduction: Despite recent therapeutic advances, lung 432 cancer is a difficult disease to manage. This study assessed clinicians’ perceptions of care difficulty, quality of life (QOL), and symptom reports for their lung cancer patients compared with their patients with breast, prostate, and colon cancer.\n\nMethods: selleck chemical This report focused on secondary analyses from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Symptom Outcomes and Practice Patterns (SOAPP) study (E2Z02); outcome measures HSP990 mouse included clinician ratings of 3106 solid tumor patients. Univariate analyses focused on patterns of disease-specific perceptions; multivariable analyses examined

whether disease-specific differences persisted after covariate inclusion.\n\nResults: In univariate comparisons, clinicians rated lung cancer patients as more difficult to treat than other solid tumor patients, with poorer QOL and higher symptom reports. After covariates were adjusted, the odds of clinicians perceiving lower QOL for their lung cancer patients were 3.6 times larger than for patients with other solid tumors (odds ratio = 3.6 [95% confidence interval, 2.0-6.6]; p < 0.0001). In addition, the odds of clinicians perceiving weight difficulties for their lung cancer patients were 3.2 times larger (odds ratio = 3.2 [95% confidence interval, 1.7-6.0]; p = 0.0004). No other outcome showed significant differences between lung versus other cancers in multivariable models.\n\nConclusion: Clinicians were more pessimistic about the well-being of their lung cancer patients compared with patients with other solid tumors.