PCR products were cloned with a pGEM-T Easy Vector System (Promega, San Luis Obispo, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Clones containing the correct insert were sequenced at Takara Bio (Yokkaichi, Japan). Clone nomenclature was as follows: for the alfalfa and orchardgrass hay-associated Ulixertinib Treponema libraries, clone names began with ALTC and OGTC, respectively, followed by the clone number. Clone names in the concentrate-associated Treponema library began with CTC followed by the clone number. All the sequences were deposited into the GenBank database with the accession numbers AB537568 through AB537880. A total of 313 16S rRNA gene sequences, obtained

from the three clone libraries and representative rumen Treponema sequences from the NCBI database, were included in the analysis. The sequences were automatically

aligned using clustal x ver.1.81 multiple sequence alignment software (Thompson et al., 1997). A neighbor-joining tree (Saito & Nei, 1987) with a Kimura-2 correction was constructed in mega v.3.1 software. (Tamura et al., 2007). In order to statistically evaluate the branching of the tree, bootstrap analysis (Felsenstein, 1985) was carried out with 1000 resamplings of the data. Sequences from the three rumen Treponema clone libraries were compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences in the GenBank database using the blast program (Altschul et al., 1990) to obtain similarity

values. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were defined based on a 97% sequence identity criterion (Stackebrandt find more & Goebel, 1994). Analysis of the diversity for the individual and combined libraries was carried out using the nonparametric estimator Chao1 (Chao, 1984) and the Shannon index (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) using fastgroupii software. (http://biome.sdsu.edu/fastgroup/fg_tools.htm) (Yu et al., 2006). The percentage of coverage of the clone libraries was calculated by Good’s method with the formula [1−(n/N)] × 100, where n is the number of singletons and N is the total number of sequences Ribonuclease T1 (Good, 1953). The statistical differences among the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the respective feeding conditions were compared using the web-based library shuffling (web-libshuff) program version 0.96 (http://libshuff.mib.uga.edu) (Henriksen, 2004) to determine whether a given pair of libraries was drawn from the same population. The significant difference level for comparison of the three libraries was defined as P=0.0085. The sequences were initially aligned by clustal x and genetic distances were generated in the dnadist program of the phylip package (v.3.67) (Felsenstein, 2007) using the Jukes–Cantor model before submitting to web-libshuff.

As no transcriptional regulator other than Pdc2p involved in the expression of PDC5 has been identified to date, it is possible that the sequence recognized by Pdc2p is located in the region between −418 and −346. We, therefore, carried out an EMSA to determine whether Pdc2p can bind to this restricted region. Several double-stranded oligonucleotides

30–40 bp in length were designed Belnacasan purchase from the above region and used as the DNA probes (Table S2). The recombinant Pdc2p(1–581) purified as a histidine-tagged protein from E. coli cells (Fig. S1) was used in this experiment, as full-length Pdc2p and Pdc2p(1–406) were not expressed in E. coli cells. As a result, when the probe #5–1 corresponding to the region from −410 to −379 was mixed with Pdc2p(1–581), a band migrating

more slowly than the free probe was detected (Fig. 3b). In addition, the DNA probe in which one nucleotide was deleted from the 3′- or 5′- side of #5–1 did not confer retardation (data not shown). This shifted band was depleted by competition with a 125-fold molar excess of unlabeled #5–1, suggesting that Pdc2p can specifically bind to this sequence. It is likely that this sequence acts as a cis-acting element indispensable for PDC5 expression. Furthermore, we noticed that a DNA sequence partially homologous to #5–1 was located immediately SRT1720 clinical trial upstream of the Thi2p-recognition site of PHO3 (Fig. 3a). Then, to determine whether

Pdc2p also recognizes this homologous sequence, several oligonucleotides were prepared for an EMSA. selleck chemical As shown in Fig. 3, unlabeled #3–2 (corresponding to the region from −273 to −234), and to a lesser extent #3–1 (−256 to −227), were found to partly compete with #5–1 for binding to Pdc2p(1–581). Nevertheless, no shifted bands appeared when #3–1, #3–2, and their elongated oligonucleotides were used as labeled probes (data not shown), suggesting that the interaction between Pdc2p and the PHO3 upstream region is not strong enough to be detected under our in vitro assay conditions. We have previously demonstrated that, in addition to the region from −234 to −215 containing the Thi2p-recognition site, the deletion of −273 to −245 in the PHO3 promoter causes the decrease in expression (Nosaka et al., 1992). Pdc2p can probably bind to the region from −273 to −234 and transactivate the PHO3 gene together with Thi2p, which binds the closely spaced site. Until now, we could not identify the Pdc2p-recognition site in the THI4 and THI20 promoters by EMSA using oligonucleotides with a sequence similar to #5–1 or #3–2. From these findings, we assume that Pdc2p binds the recognition sites of THI genes with low affinity, and therefore, the presence of Thi2p with Thi3p is required for the satisfactory recruitment of Pdc2p to THI promoters.

, 1978; Cernakova et al., 1991; Piutti et al., 2003). Roxadustat nmr Heterogeneous distribution of herbicides in field crops may lead to local maxima of herbicide concentration that exceed reported mean values (Marsh et al., 1978) but current and previous data suggest that the impact of MCPA and Bentazon on oxygen-dependent cellulose and cellobiose degradation is minimal under environmental concentrations. 16S rRNA gene transcript numbers of total soil Bacteria and five family-level taxa of Bacteria that have previously been identified as active members of the cellulolytic and saccharolytic community of the same soil (Schellenberger et al., 2010) were determined in soil samples of cellulose-supplemented

microcosms using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RTqPCR). In the oxic, cellulose-supplemented microcosms, fungal hyphae grow on the cellulose sheets, whereas in anoxic treatments,

fungal hyphae were not observed (data not shown). Thus, it is very likely that fungi contributed to aerobic cellulose degradation. The metabolic response to Bentazon and MCPA of well known and novel, i.e. as yet uncultivated, taxa that have all been proven to contribute to cellulose and cellobiose degradation in the investigated soil (Schellenberger et al., 2010) was evaluated to reveal the taxa that may cause the reduced degradation rates under anoxic conditions. The specificity of the utilized RT qPCR assays has been demonstrated previously in the same soil (Schellenberger et al., 2011). In the presence of 2.4 μmol gsoil find more DW−1, Bentazon and MCPA, transcript numbers of total soil Bacteria and all analysed family-level taxa were lower in both oxic and anoxic microcosms at the end of the experiment

compared with herbicide-free microcosms (Fig. 3; Table 2). Reports about a reduction VAV2 of microbial growth in pure culture by both herbicides support these findings (Cernakova et al., 1991; Ahtiainen et al., 2003; Cabral et al., 2003; Galhano et al., 2009). Transcript numbers of Planctomycetaceae and uncultured ‘Sphingo’ (Bacteroidetes) were significantly lower under oxic conditions, whereas those of uncultured ‘Cellu’ (Bacteroidetes) and Clostridia of group I (Clostridiaceae; according to Collins et al., 1994) were significantly lower under anoxic conditions (Table 2). Most known anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria that have been isolated belong to Clostridia group III (Collins et al., 1994). Clostridiaceae assimilated carbon from supplemented 13C-enriched cellulose and were metabolically stimulated under anoxic conditions in the same soil (Schellenberger et al., 2010, 2011). Development of primers that exclusively target these organisms failed. Thus, it cannot be excluded that the metabolism of not only Clostridia of group I but also group III was inhibited by herbicides.

They might thus play a role in modulating spinal activity in advance of any control exerted via the cerebellar loop. “
“Plaid stimuli are often used to investigate the mechanisms involved in the integration and segregation of motion information. Considering the perceptual importance of such mechanisms, only a very limited number of visual brain areas have been found to be specifically involved in motion integration. These are the human (h)MT+ complex, area V3 and the pulvinar. The hMT+ complex can be functionally subdivided Selleck Vemurafenib into two separate areas, middle temporal area (MT) and medial superior temporal area (MST); however, it is currently unclear

whether these distinct sub-regions have different responses to plaid stimuli. To address this issue we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to quantify the relative response of MT and MST Erlotinib to component and pattern

motion. Participants viewed plaid stimuli that were constrained to result in the perception of either component motion (segregation of motion information) or pattern motion (integration of motion information). MT/MST segregation was achieved using a moving dot stimulus that allowed stimulation of each visual hemifield either in unison or separately. We found pattern motion selective responses in both MT and MST. Consistent with previous reports, activity indicative of pattern motion selectivity was also found in the pulvinar as well as in other extrastriate areas. These results

demonstrate that MT, MST and the pulvinar are involved Calpain in the complex motion integration mechanisms that are triggered by plaid stimuli. This reinforces the concept that integrative computations take place in a distributed neuronal circuit both in cortical and sub-cortical networks. “
“Magnetic compass orientation in a night-migratory songbird requires that Cluster N, a cluster of forebrain regions, is functional. Cluster N, which receives input from the eyes via the thalamofugal pathway, shows high neuronal activity in night-migrants performing magnetic compass-guided behaviour at night, whereas no activation is observed during the day, and covering up the birds’ eyes strongly reduces neuronal activation. These findings suggest that Cluster N processes light-dependent magnetic compass information in night-migrating songbirds. The aim of this study was to test if Cluster N is active during daytime migration. We used behavioural molecular mapping based on ZENK activation to investigate if Cluster N is active in the meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), a day- and night-migratory species. We found that Cluster N of meadow pipits shows high neuronal activity under dim-light at night, but not under full room-light conditions during the day.

To detect genes that were less abundant or absent in gastric cancer-associated H. pylori, PCR products

of the L library inserts were arrayed on nylon membranes and hybridized with DIG-labeled L301 or B975 digested DNAs (data not shown). Nine positive clones of superficial gastritis-specific DNAs were selected and sequenced. Homology analysis reveals that the less abundant cancer-specific genes belong to several functional groups (Table 2). These include (1) nucleotide transport and metabolism (clone 67), (2) cellular processing and signaling (clones 86, 128 and 140), (3) metabolism (clone 24), (4) information storage and processing (clones 99 and 117) and (5) function-unknown (clones 5 and 74). To further confirm that the positive genes as shown in Table 1 were gastric caner-specific, we screened the genes in 64 H. pylori strains that were isolated PD-0332991 solubility dmso either from gastric cancer patients (22 strains) or from superficial gastritis patients (42 strains). Among the 12 positive high-copy genes, we focused on clone 35 PPIase, because PPIases has been characterized as a virulence factor of L. pneumophila and T. cruzi (Fischer et al., 1992; Pereira et al., 2002), and it seems that PPIase plays HCS assay an important role in H. pylori-induced epithelial cell damage (Basak et al., 2005). PCR-based screening analysis showed that 11 out of 22 gastric cancer-associated strains were positive for PPIase. In contrast,

only 10 out of 42 superficial gastritis-associated strains were positive for PPIase (Table 3). Among the other high-copy genes, clone 88 encoding tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase was

also statistically associated with gastric cancer-associated strains. PCR-based screening analysis showed that 17 out of 22 gastric cancer-associated strains were positive for clone 88. In contrast, only Glutathione peroxidase 21 out of 42 superficial gastritis-associated strains were positive for clone 88 (Table 3). The absence of clones 86 and 128 encoding flagellar hook protein (see Table 2) in the gastric cancer-associated strain as detected by dot blot analysis was interesting and suggested that loss of flagellar genes may be a feature of gastric cancer-associated strains. To test this idea, H. pylori strains isolated either from superficial gastritis or from gastric cancer patients were screened to detect clones 86 and 128 genes using PCR-based screening analysis. The screening results revealed that although the percentage of flagellar gene-positive superficial gastritis strains was higher than that of gastric cancer-associated strains for both clones, the difference in the absence of the flagellar genes between gastric cancer-associated and nongastric cancer-associated H. pylori strains did not reach statistical significance. Thus, our result does not support the idea that loss of flagellar genes is a feature of the gastric cancer-associated strain.

). Amplified 16S rRNA genes were purified using the UltraClean PCR Clean-Up DNA Purification Kit (MO BIO Laboratories Inc.), and clone libraries were prepared using the TOPO TA Cloning Kit with the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen). Plasmid DNA from clones from each DNA extract was purified using the UltraClean 6 min Mini Plasmid Prep Kit (MO www.selleckchem.com/products/icg-001.html BIO Laboratories Inc.). Twenty-five

microlitres of the purified plasmids were used for sequencing performed at Eurofins MWG Operon Inc. (Ebersberg, Germany). The aim was to sequence five clones from each analysed well. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were aligned to sequences from the GenBank database. Analysis of the contaminated soils showed different hydrocarbons (Table 1). A control subsurface soil was sampled at an area of St. Nord without any known contamination. The dry matter contents of the contaminated soil and subsoil were determined to be 92.2% and 91.7% and the pristine control soil had a dry matter content of 86.2%. Among the PAHs included in the analysis, naphthalene was detected at the highest concentration in the contaminated top soil, with 7.34 mg kg−1 dry weight (DW) soil, and the concentration was reduced Mitomycin C to 0.72 mg kg−1 DW soil in the subsoil (Table 1). Lower concentrations of phenanthrene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, antracene and fluorene were detected in both contaminated

soils. The phenanthrene concentration in the top soil was 0.20 mg kg−1 DW soil, and the concentrations were reduced to 0.06 mg kg−1 DW soil in the subsoil. Traces of fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b+j+k]fluoranthene and benzo[e]pyrene were detected in the polluted top soil, but not in the deeper Resveratrol soil. Benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and benzo[ghi]perylene were not detected in any of the three soils analysed. None of

the PAHs included in the soil characterization were measured in the pristine soil. Overall, 16 000 mg kg−1 DW soil hydrocarbons were detected in the polluted top soil and 4500 mg kg−1 DW soil in the polluted subsoil, and no hydrocarbons were detected in the pristine soil (Table 1). The two contaminated soils appeared to be affected by fuels and both smelled and looked highly impacted. We therefore determined whether the microbial communities associated with these contaminated soils were metabolically active by measuring the [14C]benzoic acid mineralization to 14CO2 for 150 days. We also tested the phenanthrene mineralization, selected as a model compound, in the two contaminated soils and in one pristine soil at −5 and 0 °C. At 0 °C, benzoic acid was metabolized in all three tested soils (Fig. 1a), and the fastest mineralization was observed in the top soil, where most of the activity occurred during the first 14 days, with 58–60% of the added [14C]benzoic acid metabolized to 14CO2. Slower metabolism was apparent in the subsurface and pristine soils, where 28.5 ± 2.5% and 10.3 ± 2.

). Amplified 16S rRNA genes were purified using the UltraClean PCR Clean-Up DNA Purification Kit (MO BIO Laboratories Inc.), and clone libraries were prepared using the TOPO TA Cloning Kit with the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen). Plasmid DNA from clones from each DNA extract was purified using the UltraClean 6 min Mini Plasmid Prep Kit (MO Sirolimus mouse BIO Laboratories Inc.). Twenty-five

microlitres of the purified plasmids were used for sequencing performed at Eurofins MWG Operon Inc. (Ebersberg, Germany). The aim was to sequence five clones from each analysed well. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were aligned to sequences from the GenBank database. Analysis of the contaminated soils showed different hydrocarbons (Table 1). A control subsurface soil was sampled at an area of St. Nord without any known contamination. The dry matter contents of the contaminated soil and subsoil were determined to be 92.2% and 91.7% and the pristine control soil had a dry matter content of 86.2%. Among the PAHs included in the analysis, naphthalene was detected at the highest concentration in the contaminated top soil, with 7.34 mg kg−1 dry weight (DW) soil, and the concentration was reduced Trichostatin A nmr to 0.72 mg kg−1 DW soil in the subsoil (Table 1). Lower concentrations of phenanthrene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, antracene and fluorene were detected in both contaminated

soils. The phenanthrene concentration in the top soil was 0.20 mg kg−1 DW soil, and the concentrations were reduced to 0.06 mg kg−1 DW soil in the subsoil. Traces of fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b+j+k]fluoranthene and benzo[e]pyrene were detected in the polluted top soil, but not in the deeper Janus kinase (JAK) soil. Benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and benzo[ghi]perylene were not detected in any of the three soils analysed. None of

the PAHs included in the soil characterization were measured in the pristine soil. Overall, 16 000 mg kg−1 DW soil hydrocarbons were detected in the polluted top soil and 4500 mg kg−1 DW soil in the polluted subsoil, and no hydrocarbons were detected in the pristine soil (Table 1). The two contaminated soils appeared to be affected by fuels and both smelled and looked highly impacted. We therefore determined whether the microbial communities associated with these contaminated soils were metabolically active by measuring the [14C]benzoic acid mineralization to 14CO2 for 150 days. We also tested the phenanthrene mineralization, selected as a model compound, in the two contaminated soils and in one pristine soil at −5 and 0 °C. At 0 °C, benzoic acid was metabolized in all three tested soils (Fig. 1a), and the fastest mineralization was observed in the top soil, where most of the activity occurred during the first 14 days, with 58–60% of the added [14C]benzoic acid metabolized to 14CO2. Slower metabolism was apparent in the subsurface and pristine soils, where 28.5 ± 2.5% and 10.3 ± 2.

Lamivudine

has been extensively used, as has tenofovir and to a lesser extent emtricitabine, for the treatment of HIV mono-infection during pregnancy, and lamivudine and telbivudine have been used in HBV mono-infected pregnant women and all have been buy LDE225 found to be safe. There are limited data on adefovir use in pregnancy and it is not recommended. Where it is being used in a woman for management of HBV but who does not require HIV treatment, this should be switched to tenofovir incorporated into her HAART regimen. In the context of coinfection during pregnancy where HAART is indicated, there is unlikely to be a situation where it would be used instead of tenofovir. There is no evidence of any adverse effect on maternal health if women become pregnant while taking tenofovir, lamivudine or emtricitabine: these drugs are recommended as NRTI choices in national [10] and international guidelines [2]. 6.1.6 In all HAV non-immune HBV coinfected women, HAV vaccine is recommended after the first trimester as per the normal schedule (0 and 6–12 months) unless the CD4

cell count is <300 cells/μL, when an additional dose may be indicated. Grading: 1D Immunization for HAV uses inactivated vaccines. Data for HAV vaccine in pregnancy are limited. Nevertheless, several guidelines indicate that pregnancy is not a contraindication for HAV immunization, including in HBV coinfected pregnant women [[11],[12]]. 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase For HAV vaccines, patients with higher CD4 cell counts and on HAART generally show improved responses to find more vaccination. HIV-positive persons with CD4 cell counts <300 cells/μL should receive three doses of HAV vaccine over 6–12 months instead of the standard two. 6.1.7 Tenofovir and emtricitabine should form the backbone of an ART regimen in naïve patients with wild-type HIV/HBV infection and no contraindication to either drug (Grading: 1B). 6.1.8 If tenofovir is not

currently part of HAART it should be added. Grading: 1B 6.1.9 Lamivudine/emtricitabine may be omitted from the ARV regimen and tenofovir given as the sole anti-HBV agent if there is clinical or genotypic evidence of lamivudine/emtricitabine resistant HBV. Grading: 1C 6.1.10 Lamivudine or emtricitabine should not be used as the only active drug against HBV in HAART because of the likelihood of emergent HBV resistance to these agents. Grading: 1B 6.1.11 Emtricitabine has potential antiviral benefits over lamivudine, is coformulated with tenofovir, and appears to be equally safe during pregnancy and hence is the preferred option to be given with tenofovir in coinfection. Grading: 2D All HBV/HIV coinfected women should receive HAART containing tenofovir with emtricitabine or lamivudine treatment during pregnancy, unless contraindicated.

The clinic acts as a primary care hospital for the local population of 650 000 persons. At PXD101 ic50 night or during the weekend, exposed patients are seen

in the emergency department and then referred to our clinic for follow-up. All subjects were eligible if exposure occurred outside the healthcare environment and met indications for nPEP prescription. Data were collected prospectively throughout the study period according to an institutional standardized procedure. Approval was obtained from the local ethics committee. Informed consent was not required. At-risk exposure was defined as unprotected receptive or insertive anal or vaginal intercourse, receptive oral sex with ejaculation, equipment sharing among injecting drug users (IDUs) and other situations where infectious body fluids came into contact with a mucous membrane or non-intact skin. The following situations were not considered to pose a risk of HIV transmission: protected sex, receptive oral sex without ejaculation, human bites without contact with the assaulter’s blood, exposure of intact skin to body fluids or needlestick injuries in public settings unless there was a suspicion that the needle had been used recently (<1 h prior to exposure). When the source was reported to be HIV infected, an attempt was made to

confirm their HIV status by contacting the treating physician and, if contact was established, to collect information about the latest viral load as well as any Daporinad supplier ongoing antiretroviral treatment (ART). We did not perform HIV testing to confirm the serological status of reported HIV-positive source persons. When the HIV status of the source was unknown, index patients were strongly encouraged to contact and ask the source person to present at our centre for free anonymous HIV testing. Antiretroviral

prophylaxis was considered for all patients exposed to a reported HIV-infected source within 72 h after exposure. After an update to national guidelines in 2006, nPEP was no longer prescribed when the source of exposure had an HIV viral load <50 copies/mL while taking ART for more than 6 months [15]. When the HIV status of the source could next not be determined, nPEP was offered if the source subject belonged to a group at risk for HIV infection [a sexual assaulter, a man having sex with men, an IDU or a person from a high (>1%) HIV prevalence country]. Commercial sex workers, although not specifically mentioned in our national guidelines, were considered at risk for HIV infection when identified by the client as an IDU or coming from a high-prevalence country. For most participants, the drug regimen consisted of either zidovudine (ZDV) 300 mg and lamivudine (3TC) 150 mg twice daily plus nelfinavir (NFV) 1250 mg twice daily (from 1998 to 2007); or the same doses of ZDV and 3TC plus a fixed dose of lopinavir (LPV) 400 mg and ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg twice daily (from 2007 onwards).

It is worth mentioning that sPBP6, which is the next nearest homolog of DacD, is inactive on pentapeptide substrate (Chowdhury et al., 2010). The crystal structures of sPBP5 and sPBP6 (Nicholas et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2009) show a similar secondary structure with no gross architectural differences. In the absence of crystal structure, CD spectral analysis would be of utmost importance to elucidate the biophysical characteristics of sDacD. It was evident from the CD spectra that purified protein was in a native conformation with characteristics of the molecular

spectra learn more of alpha and beta structures, indicating the protein was active and stable at room temperature. Unlike sPBP5 and sPBP6 (Chowdhury et al., 2010), more beta-sheets were detected in sDacD (Table 3, Supporting Information, Fig. S1). The occurrence of a larger amount of β-sheet structure in sDacD may cause some structural alteration, which might exert different biological activity than PBP5.

Because DacD shared a high level of aa identity with PBP5, homology modelling (or comparative protein structure modelling) could be applied to generate the three-dimensional conformation of sDacD. For model building, the program modeller 9v1 was used with the pdb coordinate, 3BEC chain A (crystal structure of E. coli PBP5 in complex with a peptide-mimetic cephalosporin; Sauvage et al., 2008) as template. The secondary structure prediction by check details predict protein and psipred suggested that sDacD was a αβ protein with a larger amount of β-sheet structure (Table 3 and Fig. S2), which was consistent with the results obtained from CD spectroscopic analyses. The model of lowest energy value had 94.9% residues in the most favoured region in the Ramachandran plot and 98.35% residues had an average Gemcitabine in vivo 3D-1D score above 0.2, as obtained through verify3d profile (Fig. 2), which affirms a well derived model. The model has been

deposited to the PMDB server (ID PM0076504). Like sPBP5, the sDacD model is composed of two Domains placed perpendicular to each other. Domain II is β-sheet-rich, whereas Domain I is composed of both α-helices and β-sheets (Fig. 2a). There is a relative increase in beta-sheet in Domain I of sDacD as compared with sPBP5. Comparison of the calculated secondary structure of the sDacD model generated by stride with that of sPBP5 indicates that residues Gln 38-Arg 39 and His158-Ser159-Ser160 of sDacD create a beta-sheet structure, whereas the respective positions of sPBP5 create coils and turns. Moreover, the Glu 230 and Met 233 of sPBP5 Domain I form turns, whereas the corresponding residues (Gln 229 and Arg 232, respectively) in the sDacD model adopt a beta-conformation. Therefore, both similarities and the differences exist when we take a closer view at the active-site of sDacD and sPBP5.