First-hand experiences and observations of three acute pain medicine specialists who received a continuous transversus abdominis plane block for analgesia after cesarean delivery are presented. Settings and Patients. Three physicians specialized in acute and perioperative pain medicine personally underwent continuous transversus abdominis plane block placements for analgesia after cesarean delivery via a disposable infusion pump at the same teaching hospital. Results. In a very motivated, well-supported, and Bromosporine informed patient after uncomplicated cesarean delivery, the use of continuous transversus abdominis plane blocks for

analgesia offers the significant advantages of early functional recovery and excellent prolonged analgesia. Conclusion. The patients experienced postoperative continuous transversus abdominis plane blocks that seem to be of value in limiting opiate use and improving analgesia with daily activities in the acute postoperative phase after cesarean delivery.”
“MicroRNAs

are non-coding RNAs, functionioning as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Some microRNAs have been demonstrated to play a role in regulation of innate immunity. After myocardial infarction (MI), innate immunity is activated leading to an acute inflammatory reaction. There is evidence that an intense inflammatory reaction might contribute to the development of ventricular rupture (VR) after MI.

Using real-time PCR, we analysed the

expression of miR-146a, miR-150, and miR-155 in autopsy samples of infarcted heart tissue from 50 patients with MI (23 with VR and C59 manufacturer 27 without VR).

An altered expression of all three microRNAs was found in MI compared to the normal hearts. find more Comparing MI patients with VR and those without VR, we found miR-146a up-regulation, and miR-150 and miR-155 down-regulation in patients with VR.

In conclusion, our study demonstrated an altered expression of miR-146a, miR-150, and miR-155 in MI compared to the normal hearts. These microRNAs are involved in regulation of the innate immunity. Differential expression of these microRNAs in MI patients with VR in comparison to those without VR provides further evidence that innate immunity resulting in an intense inflammatory reaction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of VR after MI in humans.”
“The third-order nonlinearity is measured for TeO(2)-ZnO-Na(2)O (TZN) glasses codoped with BaO, Nb(2)O(5), and La(2)O(3). The results for the sign and magnitude of the nonlinearity were obtained using a combination of the eclipse Z-scan with thermal nonlinearity managed Z-scan, whereas the Kerr shutter technique was employed to obtain the electronic time response of the nonlinearity, all performed with 76 MHz repetition rate 150 fs pulses at 800 nm. The results show a fast response (< 200 fs) and a nonlinear refractive index varying from 1.5 to 3.5×10(-15) cm(2)/W, depending upon glass composition.

Results. In the nonoperated control group, the intervertebral discs were avascular. But experimental disc degeneration promoted angiogenesis. In this group, the mean of penetration was 49.25 mu (standard deviation = 19.905). Atorvastatin stimulated angiogenesis after experimental disc degeneration in the rats and the angiogenesis was more significant in the high and medium

dose groups than operated control group. High-dose atorvastatin could not inhibit angiogenesis in experimental degenerated disc. There was no any significant difference in degree of vascularity among the groups.

Conclusion. Atorvastatin stimulates angiogenesis in experimental disc degeneration in rats. But, it does not show a biphasic effect.”
“Fasciclin family proteins GSK126 mw have been identified as cell adhesion molecules in various organisms. In

this study, a novel Magnaporthe oryzae PKC412 manufacturer fasciclin-like protein encoding gene, named MoFLP1, was isolated from a subtractive suppressive cDNA library and functionally analyzed. Sequence analysis showed that the MoFLP1 gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1050 nucleotides encoding 349 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 35.85 kDa and a pI of 7.76. The deduced MoFLP1 protein contains a 17-amino acid secretion signal sequence and an 18-amino acid sequence with the characteristics of a glycosylphosphotidylinositol (GPI) anchor additional signal at its N- and C-terminuses, respectively. Potential N-glycosylation sites and domains involving cell adhesion were also identified in MoFLP1. Sequence analysis and subcellular localization by the expression of MoFLP1-GFP fusion construct in M. oryzae indicated that the MoFLP1 protein is probably localized on the vacuole membrane. Two MoFLP1 null mutants generated by targeted gene disruption exhibited marked reduction of conidiation, conidial adhesion, appressorium

turgor, and pathogenicity. Our results indicate that fasciclin proteins play important roles in fungal development and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.”
“Aims: Primary brain tumours in adults are rare, with AR-13324 solubility dmso high-grade gliomas (HGG) being the most common and most aggressive type. The clinical management of rare tumours such as HGG can be heterogeneous across different cancer centres. The aim of this survey was to determine current UK practice in the primary management of HGG, particularly in light of the improved outcomes reported recently.

Materials and methods: In February 2009, a questionnaire was sent to 71 consultant clinical oncologists in the UK who were reported to have a neuro-oncology practice. Questions focussed on the radiotherapeutic management of HGG.

Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:337-42.”
“Background: Ectopy-induced cardiomyopathy is an increasingly recognized cause of reversible left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Our goal was to create an animal model for ectopy-induced cardiomyopathy.

Methods: Eleven mongrel dogs underwent the implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker. Four dogs served as the

control group and seven as the paced group. In the paced group, the pacemaker was connected to two endocardial right ventricular leads, one inserted into the atrial port and the other one into the ventricular port with an atrioventricular delay adjusted to ensure the Wnt pathway presence of coupled pacing simulating ventricular bigeminy. Echocardiographic in of LV size (LV end-diastolic diameter LV end-systolic diameter [LV-ESD]), LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and mitral regurgitation (MR) were obtained Nutlin-3 mw at baseline and after 4 weeks of monitoring or pacing in all dogs except one who had lead dislodgement.

Results: In the control group (n = 4), no significant changes in LV dimensions or function were noted.

In the paced group (n = 6), LV-EDD and LV-ESD increased from 3.58 +/- 0.65 cm and 2.47 +/- 0.55 cm to 4.15 +/- 0.59 cm and 3.21 +/- 0.47 cm, respectively (P < 0.01). In addition, LVEF decreased from 60 +/- 7% to 46 +/- 9% (P < 0.05). No changes in MR were noted.

Conclusion: We have shown that coupled pacing simulating ventricular bigeminy was feasible and resulted in increased LV dimensions and decreased LV function. By controlling

the percentage of pacing, the coupling interval and the location of the pacing lead, this new model will allow the assessment of the relative roles of these variables in the development of ectopy-induced cardiomyopathy. (PACE 2011; 34:291-295)”
“Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) were observed to expand in rodents and were recently suggested as candidate vomeronasal chemosensory receptors. Since vomeronasal chemosensory receptors usually underwent positive selection and evolved concordantly with the vomeronasal organ selleck chemicals (VNO) morphology, we surveyed FPRs in primates in which VNO morphology is greatly diverse and thus it would provide us a clearer view of VNO-FPRs evolution. By screening available primate genome sequences, we obtained the FPR repertoires in representative primate species. As a result, we did not find FPR family size expansion in primates. Further analyses showed no evolutionary force variance between primates with or without VNO structure, which indicated that there was no functional divergence among primates FPRs. Our results suggest that primates lack the VNO-specific FPRs and the FPR expansion is not a common phenomenon in mammals outside rodent lineage, regardless of VNO complexity.”
“Background: Accurate assessment of energy intake is difficult but critical for the evaluation of eating behavior and intervention effects.

Visfatin is a novel adipocytokine with metabolic and immunomodulating properties. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rocilinostat-acy-1215.html The objective of this study was to determine whether preeclampsia and SGA are associated with alterations in maternal circulating visfatin concentrations.

Methods. This cross-sectional study included pregnant women in the following

groups: (1) normal pregnancy (n = 158); (2) patients with preeclampsia (n = 43) of which 32 had an AGA and 11 had an SGA neonate; (3) patients without preeclampsia who delivered an SGA neonate (n = 55). Maternal plasma visfatin concentrations were measured by ELISA. Nonparametric tests and multiple linear regression analysis were used.

Results. (1) Women who delivered an SGA neonate had a higher median maternal plasma visfatin concentration than those with a normal pregnancy (20.0 ng/ml, interquartile range: 17.2-24.6 vs. 15.2 ng/ml, 12.1-19.2, respectively; BMN 673 order P < 0.001) and than those with preeclampsia (14.5 ng/ml, 12.5-18.7; P < 0.001); (2) the median maternal plasma visfatin concentration did not differ significantly between patients with preeclampsia and those with a normal pregnancy (P = 0.8); (3) among patients with preeclampsia, there was no significant difference in the median maternal plasma visfatin concentration between those with or without an SGA neonate (P = 0.5); (4) in a linear regression model, delivery of an SGA neonate and pregestational

body mass index

were independently associated with increased visfatin concentration after adjustment for confounding factors (maternal age, smoking, gestational age at blood collection and the presence of preeclampsia or SGA).

Conclusion. (1) Patients with SGA, but not those with preeclampsia, had a higher maternal plasma visfatin concentration than those with a normal pregnancy; (2) this finding suggests differential involvement of visfatin in SGA and preeclampsia; learn more (3) we propose that changes in circulating maternal visfatin concentration may be implicated in the phenotypic definitions and distinction of preeclampsia and SGA.”
“Background: Limited evidence suggests that intimate partner violence (IPV) may be associated with poorer cancer outcomes. We hypothesized that timing and type of IPV as well as childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may negatively affect depression, perceived stress, and cancer-related well-being.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of women diagnosed with either breast, cervical, or colorectal cancer in the prior 12 months included in the Kentucky Cancer Registry. Consenting women were interviewed by phone (n = 553). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to determine the association between IPV (37% lifetime prevalence) and type, timing, and the range of correlated cancer-related well-being indicators, adjusting for confounding factors.

Results: IPV (p = 0.002) and CSA (p = 0.

Medical and allied healthcare professionals (including nursing staff) significantly differed in their opinions as to the effect of G-tubes on the resumption of oral intake (P = 0.009).

Conclusions: There is no national consensus on which patients

to recommend for gastrostomy and consideration should be given to the development of clinical decision-making models in an attempt to systematise the decision-making process. (C) 2010 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published Dorsomorphin cell line by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The radiation-induced graft copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP), 4-vinyl pyridine (4VP), and 2-vinyl pyridine (2VP) monomers onto poly (ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) was investigated. The influence of synthesis conditions particularly the solvent was studied. Various solvents, such as

n-propanol, isoproponol, benzyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), nitromethane, 1,4-dioxane, and n-heptane were examined for this purpose. Graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX). It was found that the selleck products nature of the solvent had profound influence over the grafting reaction. Cyclohexanone, n-propanol, and isoproponol for 4VP/ETFE grafting, THF and 1,4-dioxane for NVP/ETFE grafting, and benzyl alcohol and methanol for 2VP/ETFE grafting were found to be the suitable solvents yielding highest graft levels. Isoproponol and n-propanol are promising in terms of both graft level and mechanical properties for 4VP/ETFE. Grafting of NVP, 4VP, and 2VP onto ETFE were verified through FTIR spectroscopy. Storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the copolymers were found to increase as graft level increased. Surface profile of representative films was also investigated by viewing the distribution of elemental nitrogen

using SEM-EDAX. Results indicated that copolymers of 4VP, NVP, and find more 2VP are considerably different from each other. 4VP-based copolymers exhibited relatively more homogenous grafting over the surface compared with NVP- and 2VP-based copolymers. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 2313-2323, 2011″
“Herein, we present two cases of Brenner tumor, a rarely occurring neoplasm in the ovaries, obtained via intraoperative fine needle aspiration. The borderline Brenner tumor exhibited marked squamous metaplasia, characterized by individually distributed atypical squamous cells. A benign Brenner tumor associated with mucinous cystadenoma evidenced typical mucinous metaplastic features and transitional foci. These distinctive features may prove helpful in differential diagnosis of varied ovarian tumors, and particularly for intraoperative consultation.

The conditioning regimen used in all cases consisted of high-dose of busulfan and melphalan. Median age at transplantation was 3 years (range: 0.7–14 years). The median times to neutrophil and platelet engraftment were 11 days (range: 9.16 days) and 13 days (range: 9.33), respectively. Twenty-one patients developed nonhematologic toxicity: 15 patients had mucositis, 4 patients developed an engraftment syndrome, and there were 2 cases of liver toxicity. No toxic deaths were observed. There were 15 patients who relapsed. The median time to relapse was 6 months

after the transplant (range: 3–13 months). With a median follow-up of 55 months (range: 4–180 months), the PFS was 57%% +/-+/- 8.5%% for the whole group. In multivariate analysis,

age below 3 years (P < .005), complete remission (CR) pretransplantation (P < .07) BKM120 datasheet and 1p germline status (P < .01) were variables associated with better outcomes. Patients who were or achieved early CR following transplantation (3 months posttransplantation) had a probability of PFS of 91%% +/-+/- 6%% as compared to patients who did not (PFS 9%% +/-+/- 8%%) (P < .0001). This retrospective study shows that high dose of busulfan and melphalan as conditioning regimen in children with high-risk neuroblastoma is associated with very low morbidity and no mortality in the authors” hands. Younger patients with no 1p deletions and in first CR at transplantation had the better outcome.</.”
“In this paper we report high magnetic field (-140 <= H <= 140 kOe) magnetization G418 purchase data for cobalt ferrites (crystallites size similar this website to 42 nm) for temperatures (T) varying from 5 to 340 K. The T-dependence for the cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant K-1 was determined by using the “”law of approach”" (LA) to saturation. The values of K-1 were found to be substantially different from previously reported values obtained using the same procedure but with H up to 50 kOe. By properly choosing the quantum parameters we found

a very good agreement between the values calculated by using the model proposed by Tachiki [Prog. Theor. Phys. 23, 1055 (1960)] and the K-1 versus T data. For instance, the values of K-1 measured (calculated) for 5 K and 340 K were 28.3 x 10(6) erg/cm(3) (27.7 x 10(6) erg/cm(3)) and 7.4 x 10(6) erg/cm(3) (6.8 x 10(6) erg/cm(3)), respectively. The values of the parameters used to fit the data in both magnetic field regimes were chosen based on cation distribution over the A and B-sites on the spinel structure of the nanoparticles. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3626931]“
“The dynamic structuring of natural rubber (NR) was studied selecting two specific Hevea brasiliensis genotypes (RRIM600 and PB235) to prepare model samples. The mesostructure (macromolecular structure + aggregates or gel) of NR samples was studied by SEC-MALS.

Plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance was observed in selected isolates of A. baumannii Selleckchem Autophagy inhibitor and experiments of conjugation

and transformation showed the occurrence of gene transfer. Plasmid curing was used to examine the function of plasmids. Five plasmids of A. baumannii A3 were cured but no differences were observed between wild-type and plasmid-cured strains with respect to the biofilm formation capabilities. The prevalence of A. baumannii strains with biofilm mode of growth could explain their ability to persist in clinical environments and their role in device-related infections.”
“Successful plant pathogens have developed strategies to interfere with the defence mechanisms of their host plants through evolution. Conversely, host plants have evolved systems to counteract selleck products pathogen attack. Some pathogens induce pathogenic symptoms on plants that include morphological changes in addition to interference with plant growth. Recent studies, based on molecular biology and genetics using Arabidopsis thaliana, have revealed that factors derived from pathogens can modulate host systems and/or host factors that play important roles in the morphological regulation of host plants. Other reports, meanwhile, have shown that factors known to have roles in plant morphology also function in plant immune responses. Evolutionary conservation of these factors and systems

implies that host-pathogen interactions and the evolution they drive have yielded tight links between morphological processes and immune responses. In this review, recent findings about these topics are introduced and AZD1208 inhibitor discussed.”
“Biofilm infections may not simply be the result of colonization by one bacterium, but rather the consequence of pathogenic contributions from several bacteria. Interspecies interactions of different organisms in mixed-species biofilms remain largely unexplained, but knowledge of these is very important for understanding of biofilm physiology and the treatment of biofilm-related infectious diseases. Here, we have investigated

interactions of two of the major bacterial species of cystic fibrosis lung microbial communities – Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus – when grown in co-culture biofilms. By growing co-culture biofilms of S. aureus with P. aeruginosa mutants in a flow-chamber system and observing them using confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that wild-type P. aeruginosa PAO1 facilitates S. aureus microcolony formation. In contrast, P. aeruginosa mucA and rpoN mutants do not facilitate S. aureus microcolony formation and tend to outcompete S. aureus in co-culture biofilms. Further investigations reveal that extracellular DNA (eDNA) plays an important role in S. aureus microcolony formation and that P. aeruginosa type IV pili are required for this process, probably through their ability to bind to eDNA. Furthermore, P.

g. rivastigmine, based on the chemical structure of physostigmine from Physostigma venenosum). Although drug development from botanical origin is one aim, the use of plants as herbal medicines is still popular. Scientific evidence for efficacy and safety has been explored for many species, although more research is needed, particularly to identify active phytochemicals to produce standardised herbal products.

For Alzheimer’s disease (AD) there are relatively few drugs available to treat symptoms, and there is a lack of successful therapies that modulate disease progression. Since two of the currently licensed drugs for AD are based on natural products (galantamine and rivastigmine), it is not surprising that many plants are now being investigated as a potential source of new therapies for AD. This review discusses selleck inhibitor those plants that have ethnobotanical uses suggestive of alleviation of AD pathology and associated symptoms, for cognitive and for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). An emphasis is placed

on those plants MCC950 order that have shown some promising effects in clinical studies with dementia patients (e.g. Crocus sativus, Ginkgo biloba, Salvia species), but other plants and their phytochemicals showing relevant mechanistic effects for AD (e.g. Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Ptychopetalum olacoides) are also discussed.”
“A system’s wiring constrains its dynamics, yet modelling of neural structures often overlooks the specific networks formed by their neurons. We developed an approach for constructing anatomically realistic networks and reconstructed the GABAergic microcircuit formed by the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) of the adult rat striatum. We grew dendrite and

axon models for these neurons and extracted probabilities for GSK923295 inhibitor the presence of these neurites as a function of distance from the soma. From these, we found the probabilities of intersection between the neurites of two neurons given their inter-somatic distance, and used these to construct three-dimensional striatal networks. The MSN dendrite models predicted that half of all dendritic spines are within 100 mu m of the soma. The constructed networks predict distributions of gap junctions between FSI dendrites, synaptic contacts between MSNs, and synaptic inputs from FSIs to MSNs that are consistent with current estimates. The models predict that to achieve this, FSIs should be at most 1% of the striatal population. They also show that the striatum is sparsely connected: FSI-MSN and MSN-MSN contacts respectively form 7% and 1.7% of all possible connections. The models predict two striking network properties: the dominant GABAergic input to a MSN arises from neurons with somas at the edge of its dendritic field; and FSIs are interconnected on two different spatial scales: locally by gap junctions and distally by synapses.

8% and 86.2% of the patients, respectively. According to the ISGPS definition, PPH occurred in 29.1% of the cases (232 of 796 patients): 4.8% grade A, 15.2% grade B, and 9.2% grade C. The definition is based largely on surrogate markers (e.g., transfusion requirement) that are affected by other critical illnesses and more than 97% of patients with mild PPH had no clinical signs of bleeding. The need for postoperative intensive care as well as the incidence of pancreatic fistula, relaparotomy, and mortality Selleckchem ERK inhibitor rates significantly

increased from grades A to C. Thirty-seven patients (4.6%) required interventional (endoscopy or angiography) and/or relaparotomy for PPH. Relaparotomy for PPH was performed in 3.1% of all patients.

Independent risk factors for early PPH were preoperative anemia (hemoglobin, < 11 mg/dl) and multivisceral resection while advanced age, chronic renal insufficiency, learn more increased blood loss, and long operation time were associated with late PPH.

Conclusions The ISGPS definition of PPH is feasible and applicable but produces a high rate of false positive mild PPH cases. The different grades still significantly correlate with relevant outcome variables, thus the definition discriminates postoperative courses, but a minor modification of the definition of mild PPH is suggested. The new results further

demonstrate the need to optimize preoperative anemia and chronic renal insufficiency.”
“Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) can be either isolated or part of a larger syndrome. Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a collection of autosomal-recessive disorders featuring AI associated with skin fragility and other symptoms. JEB is a recessive syndrome usually caused by mutations in both alleles of COL17A1, LAMA3, LAMB3, or LAMC2. In rare cases, heterozygous carriers in JEB kindreds display enamel malformations in the absence of skin fragility (isolated AI). We recruited two kindreds with autosomal-dominant amelogenesis imperfecta (ADAI) characterized

by generalized severe enamel hypoplasia with deep linear grooves and pits. Whole-exome sequencing of both probands identified novel heterozygous mutations in the last exon of LAMB3 that likely truncated the protein. The mutations perfectly segregated with the enamel GSK2879552 mw defects in both families. In Family 1, an 8-bp deletion (c.3446_3453del GACTGGAG) shifted the reading frame (p.Gly 1149Glufs*8). In Family 2, a single nucleotide substitution (c.C3431A) generated an in-frame translation termination codon (p.Ser1144*). We conclude that enamel formation is particularly sensitive to defects in hemidesmosome/basement-membrane complexes and that syndromic and non-syndromic forms of AI can be etiologically related.”
“Purpose To describe the gross and histopathological ocular findings in a horse following suspected lightning injury.

The development of effective primary hepatocyte culture methods for the expression of these functions has been attempted by focusing on cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Two-dimensional organoid culture methods using substrata with the immobilized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid sequence, a well-known cell-adhesive sequence, have been developed. Furthermore, a drug metabolism simulator and a hybrid-type blood purification system GSK923295 molecular weight as applications of this type of two-dimensional organoid culture method have been developed. On the other

hand, growth factor/heparin-immobilized culture substrata and cell-embedded hydrogels in extracellular matrix-filled biocompatible macroporous scaffold culture systems for liver tissue engineering have been developed. Promotion of organoid formation and high expression of the liver-specific

functions of primary rat hepatocytes will be realized by using these substrata and culture systems. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction:

Donor-specific transfusion (DST) is claimed to improve graft survival in living kidney transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of DST on the incidence of acute Screening Library research buy rejection (AR), graft function and survival in the early and late post-transplantation period in transfusion-naive patients.

Methods:

Three patient groups were compared: group 1 received DST (n = 18), group 2 patients received no transfusion prior to surgery (n = 13) and group 3 consisted of 132 randomly transfused patients. The DST protocol consisted of infusion of fresh whole donor blood (3 x 150 mL) at two-wk intervals accompanied by three d of azathioprine. All patients were grafted within one month after the third DST. Triple drug immunosuppression based on cyclosporine click here A was

given to all patients.

Results:

DST and polytransfused patients experienced significantly less AR compared with group 2 patients. Two-yr graft function was significantly better in patients in groups 1 and 3 compared with group 2. Although similar eight-yr patient and graft survival was found in all the groups, delayed graft function patients had the longest graft half-life.

Conclusion:

DST imposes a significant beneficial effect on the incidence of AR, DGF and graft function during the first post-transplantation year in transfusion-naive patients receiving standard immunosuppression therapy.”
“In this paper we report on the experimental demonstration of using relativistic electron diffraction and an radiofrequency deflecting cavity to capture in a single shot the entire time-history of the ultrafast laser-induced heating and melting of a single crystal gold sample. By recording the time variation in the Bragg peaks on the streak image of a 16 ps long electron beam it is possible to reconstruct with 400 fs temporal resolution the evolution of the sample structure induced by a 35 mJ/cm(2) 400 nm laser pump pulse.