Although most of these efforts have focused on development of human cancer therapeutics, available reproductive studies in rats and dogs suggest that current compounds do not have sufficient therapeutic windows for complete gonadotroph ablation, in part owing to poor stability of peptide targeting sequences. The only reported longer-term study of gonadotroph ablation in dogs reported suppression of serum testosterone see more for 8 months, but endocrine function then recovered, raising important questions about the mechanism of reproductive suppression and its recovery. Although studies to date suggest that this is a potentially attractive approach to non-surgical sterilization,

ideal agents are yet to be developed, and important mechanistic questions remain to be answered.”
“Objective. To determine the factors affecting the accuracy of ultrasonographic weight estimation in twins.

Methods. 152 sets of twins delivered vaginally, were included. Effects of fetal weights, inter-twin weight discordance, chorionicity, early rupture of membranes,

intrauterine growth restriction, and presentations of twins on errors of estimated fetal weights were evaluated. The primary measures of estimated fetal weight accuracy compared were mean-percentage-error and the standart deviation (SD) of percentage errors.

Results. Mean percentage errors for the first fetus (8.13 +/- 6.82) and the second fetus (8.07 +/- 6.88) were

similar (p = 0.64). Random errors of both fetuses were also similar (p = 0.78). If one of the fetuses had IUGR, the percentage error and also the random error of Ricolinostat purchase that https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nec-1s-7-cl-o-nec1.html fetus would increase significantly. Different presentations and fetal gender combinations were similar for both types of errors of fetal weight estimation. A weak negative lineer relationship was found between the weight of the first fetus and its percentage error (r = -0.27, p = 0.04). A similar relation was present between the weight and percentage error of the second fetus (r = -0.29, p = 0.03). Percentage errors and also random errors of both fetuses were significantly higher if severe discordance was present between twins (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively).

Conclusions. IUGR, fetal weights, and inter-twin discordence arc the factors affecting the accuracy of weight estimation by ultrasonography.”
“We report the case of a 27-year-old African American man who presented with 6 months of generalized lymphadenopathy and nothing in his history or examination to suggest systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). He was thought to have lymphoma, syphilis, or tuberculosis, and an extensive workup was done. Laboratory investigation finally revealed leukopenia (4.0), proteinuria (1.87 g), antinuclear antibodies (640 speckled), anti-double-stranded DNA (640), anti-cardiolipin immunoglobulins G and M, anti-Smith, Coombs, anti-Ro, anti-La, CK (531 U/L), aldolase (8.

Phenomena observed are analyzed using Bouguer’s law. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3327236]“
“Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) improve the disability and slow the progression of the joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, a large proportion of patients experience inefficacy by the end of 2 years. This loss of

efficacy may be due to expression of multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins on lymphocytes. The objective is to study the expression of MDR protein on the peripheral blood CH5424802 solubility dmso lymphocytes in patients with RA and correlate it with the disease status and response to treatment. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled. Expression of MDR-1 by flow cytometry was carried out on lymphocytes at baseline and after 4 months of therapy. This expression was correlated with disease activity scores (DAS 28). There

were 25 females with mean age of 48.13 years and median disease duration of 48 months. Eighteen patients were DMARD naive and ten were refractory to DMARD (methotrexate). The percentage of cells expressing MDR-1 in the DMARD-naive (p < 0.O5) and DMARD-refractory (p < 0.05) groups were significantly higher than the healthy controls at the baseline. The relative fluorescence intensity was significantly higher in the DMARD-refractory group (p < 0.05) as compared to the DMARD-naive group. After 4 months of therapy, there was significant improvement in the D value (p < 0.01) in the DMARD-naive group (treated with methotrexate only) and DMARD-refractory group Epacadostat solubility dmso (p < 0.05). A significant correlation (r = 0.563) between the DAS 28 scores and the D value (p = 0.003) was observed. Expression of MDR-1 in RA correlated with disease activity status and improved with DMARD therapy. It is not related to the refractoriness to therapy with methotrexate.”
“Acquired

reactive perforating dermatosis is characterized by umbilicated erythematous papules and plaques with firmly adherent crusts. Histopathological examination shows a typical cup-shaped ulceration in the epidermis containing cellular debris and collagen. There is transepidermal check details elimination of degenerated material with basophilic collagen bundles. The etiology and pathogenesis of acquired reactive perforating dermatosis are unclear. Metabolic disorders and malignancies are associated with this dermatosis. Associated pruritus is regarded as a key pathogenic factor. Constant scratching may cause a repetitive trauma to the skin. This pathogenesis may involve a genetic predisposition. The trauma may lead to degeneration of the collagen bundles. Treatment of acquired reactive perforating dermatosis follows a multimodal approach. Apart from the treating any underlying disease, treatment of pruritus is a major goal. Systemic steroids and retinoids, as well as UVB phototherapy are well-established treatment options. Some patients may also benefit from oral allopurinol.

7 cells were co-cultured with ST2 cells pre-stimulated

with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. Osteoclast-like cells were detected by staining with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP).

Results: HMW-HA decreased RANKL mRNA and protein expressions, whereas inhibition of hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis by 4-MU enhanced RANKL expression. Blockage of HA-CD44 binding by CD44 mAb suppressed HMW-HA-mediated inhibition of RANKL. Pull-down assay findings also revealed that HMW-HA transiently activated RhoA in ST2 cells and pre-treatment with CD44 mAb inhibited the activation of RhoA protein mediated by HMW-HA. Moreover pre-treatment with Selleck Fer-1 Rho kinase pathway inhibitors also blocked the inhibition of RANKL by HMW-HA. Co-culture system results showed that HMW-HA down-regulated differentiation into

osteoclast-like cells by RAW 264.7 cells induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D-3-stimulated ST2 cells.

Conclusions: These results indicated that HA-CD44 interactions down-regulate RANKL expression and osteoclastogenesis via activation of the Rho kinase pathway. (C) 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Sixteen known compounds isolated from the whole plants of Euphorbia tangutica, including phorbol-13-actate ALK inhibition (1) previously synthesised and obtained from a natural source for the first time, were evaluated in vitro against a panel of human cancer cell lines using the MTT method. R428 molecular weight Among them, ergosterol (6) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cell line with an IC50 value of 3.3 mu M, and 3 beta,5 alpha-dihydroxy-15 beta-cinnamoyloxy-14-oxolathyra-6Z,12 E-diene (7) also displayed moderate activity.”
“Objective: This study aims to compare short term outcomes and oncological value of laparoscopy assisted (LADG) and open distal gastrectomy (ODG) in the treatment

of early gastric cancer.

Methods: Meta-analysis of 12 studies, including three randomized controlled trials, published between 2000 and 2007, comparing laparoscopy assisted and open distal gastrectomy in 951 patients with early gastric cancer, was done. Outcomes of interest were operative data, lymph node clearance, postoperative recovery complications.

Results: Overall morbidity rate was significantly less with LADG (10.5% versus 20.1%, P = 0.003, OR 0.52, CI 0.34-0.8). A mean of 4.61 less number of lymph nodes dissected than ODG (CI -5.96, -3.26 P < 0.001) when all studies are included. There was no difference between the two groups in number of lymph nodes dissected when less than D2 lymphadenectomy was done (2.44 nodes less in LADG group, CI -5.52, 0.63; P = 0.12). LADG patients had less operative blood loss (mean of 151 ml, P < 0.001), less time to walking, oral intake and flatus. LADG patients had less length of hospital stay (5.7 days, P < 0.001), postoperative fever and pain. ODG group showed significantly less operative time.

The mechanism of injury, physiologic parameters, blood transfusion requirements, time

to intervention, trauma scores, and mortality were recorded.

Results: Mean time to intervention in the ANGIO group was longer than that in the PACKING group, although this was not statistically significant (139.5 minutes vs. 78.8 minutes, respectively, p = 0.248). Mortality in the ANGIO click here group was higher than that in the PACKING group; however, this was also not significant (69.2% vs. 36.3%, p = 0.107). After univariate analysis, factors associated with mortality included systolic blood pressure, Glasgow Coma Score, Injury Severity Score, Revised Trauma Score, Trauma and Injury Severity Score, pH, and base excess. In the PACKING group, one patient died of uncontrolled hemorrhage from a liver laceration. In the ANGIO group, three patients died of uncontrolled hemorrhage from the pelvic fracture.

Conclusion: Early experience in our institution suggests that early pelvic packing with subsequent angiography

if needed is as good as angiography with embolization in treating patients with hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures.”
“Lignin extracted from steam-exploded bamboo has been used as resource material for the production of cured epoxy resins. In this study, 3 types of cured epoxy resin were prepared. The bamboo lignin extracted with methanol from steam-exploded bamboo (steam pressure 35 atm: steaming time 5 min) was epoxidized with epichlorohydrin and then cured with the general curing agent 1-(2-cyanoethyl)2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole

PF299 (2E4MZ-CN) and bamboo lignin. General epoxy resin, cured with diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 2E4MZ-CN, was simultaneously synthesized as a petroleum-derived epoxy resin control. The mechanical and thermal properties of lignin-based epoxy resins were compared with petroleum epoxy resins. As indicated by their thermal decomposition properties (Td5), the lignin-based epoxy resins exceeded the dip-solder resistance (250-280 degrees C). Furthermore, lignin-based epoxy resin showed 70% of the flexural strength of the petroleum-based epoxy resin. (c) 2012 GPCR Compound Library concentration Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The development of scoliosis in animal models after inducing asymmetric rib growth suggests the possible role of asymmetric rib growth in the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Asymmetric rib length is well recognized in idiopathic scoliosis; however, whether this rib asymmetry is primary or secondary has not been clearly documented. The objectives of this study were to investigate any rib length asymmetry in patients with AIS and compare those with scoliosis with syringomyelia (SS) with the intention of elucidating any relationship between rib growth and pathogenesis of AIS. Forty-eight AIS and 29 SS with apical vertebrae located between T7 and T9 were recruited. The average age was 13.5 +/- A 2.3 versus 12.5 +/- A 3.4 years, and the average Cobb angle of thoracic curve was 43.

05). This study suggested that the efficacy of anticancer pentacyclic triterpene AA against hepatoblastoma HepG2 could be increased by co-drying with antioxidative mungbean protein hydrolysate in lactose excipient. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Defect-free skinned

asymmetric gas separation membranes were prepared by a dual bath coagulation method using a wet phase inversion technique. The membranes were cast from polysulfone solution in different solvents such as: dimethyl-formamid, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-N-dimethyl-acetamide (DMAC), and click here tetrahydrofuran. The mixtures of water/iso-propanol (IPA), water/propanol, water/ethanol (EtOH), and water/methanol (MeOH) with volume ratio of 80/20 were used as the first coagulation bath. This led to the formation of a dense skin top layer. Distillated water was used as the Birinapant chemical structure second

coagulation bath. The influences of several experimental variables, such as thickness of the membrane, polymer concentration, type of solvent and nonsolvent, immersion time in IPA 20%, and second coagulation bath temperature on skin layer and sublayer were elucidated. For preparing membrane with higher permeance, the influence of internal nonsolvents and addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as additive were investigated. The membrane performance was tested in terms of gas permeance and selectivity for O(2)/N(2) separation. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2157-2167, 2011″
“Purpose: To fully characterize beam-hardening effects caused by iodinated contrast medium in the left ventricular (LV) cavity and aorta in the assessment of myocardial perfusion at computed tomography (CT) and to validate a beam-hardening artifact correction algorithm that considers fluid-filled vessels and chambers important

sources of beam hardening.

Materials and Methods: The Johns Hopkins University animal care and use committee approved all procedures. An anatomically correct LV and www.sellecn.cn/products/azd1390.html myocardial phantom to characterize beam-hardening artifacts was designed. Following validation in the phantom, the beam-hardening correction (BHC) algorithm was applied to 256-detector row dynamic volume CT images in a canine ischemia model (n = 5) during adenosine stress, and the effect of beam hardening was determined by comparing regional dynamic volume CT perfusion metrics (myocardial upslope normalized by maximum LV blood pool attenuation) with microsphere-derived myocardial blood flow (MBF). A paired Student t test was used to compare continuous variables from the same subject but under different conditions, while linear regression analysis was performed to estimate the slope and statistical significance of the relationship between CT-derived perfusion metrics and microsphere-derived MBF.

Results: Beam-hardening artifacts were successfully reproduced in phantom studies and were eliminated with the BHC algorithm.

In

order to improve the efficiency of solvent-based paclitaxel and to overcome its drawbacks in terms of safety, a solvent-free formulation has been developed. This work is a review of the albumin-bound paclitaxel data relative to its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles, its therapeutic efficiency and its safety of use. The activity of albumin-bound paclitaxel in phase II and III trials indicates its significant clinical efficiency in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. In lung and pancreatic cancer and in melanoma, the use of albumin-bound paclitaxel leads to interesting results which require further investigations. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that albumin-bound paclitaxel is associated with a better tolerance compared to standard paclitaxel.”
“Background: Serious infectious morbidity is high in preterm see more infants. Enteral supplementation of prebiotics eFT508 may reduce the incidence of serious infections, especially infections related to the gastrointestinal tract.

Objective: The objective was to determine the effect of enteral supplementation of a prebiotic mixture consisting of neutral oligosaccharides

((SC)GOS/LCFOS) and acidic oligosaccharides (AOS) on serious infectious morbidity in preterm infants.

Design: In a randomized controlled trial, preterm infants (gestational age < 32 wk and/or birth weight < 1500 g) received enteral supplementation of 80% (SC)GOS/LCFOS and 20% AOS (1.5 g . kg(-1) . d(-1)) or placebo (maltodextrin) between days 3 and 30 of life. Serious infectious morbidity was defined as a culture positive for sepsis, meningitis, pyelonephritis, or pneumonia. The analysis was performed by intention-to-treat and per-protocol, defined as >= 50% supplementation dose during the study period.

Results: selleck chemicals In total, 113 preterm infants were included. Baseline and nutritional characteristics were not different between groups. In the intention-to-treat

analysis, the incidence of >= 1 serious infection, >= 1 serious endogenous infection, or >= 2 serious infectious episodes was not significantly different in the (SC)GOS/LCFOS/AOS-supplemented and placebo groups. In the per-protocol analysis, there was a trend toward a lower incidence of >= 1 serious endogenous infection and >= 2 serious infectious episodes in the (SC)GOS/LCFOS/AOS-supplemented group than in the placebo group (P = 0.09 and P = 0.07, respectively).

Conclusions: Enteral supplementation of (SC)GOS/LCFOS/AOS does not significantly reduce the risk of serious infectious morbidity in preterm infants. However, there was a trend toward a lower incidence of serious infectious morbidity, especially for infections with endogenous bacteria. This finding suggests a possible beneficial effect that should be evaluated in a larger study. This trial was registered at isrctn. org as ISRCTN16211826. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:679-86.

Methods: Eighty-five articles from 2006 to 2010 were identified utilizing multiple search find more engines. Twenty-nine Level-I or 11 studies met inclusion criteria and were evaluated with use of the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) criteria. Topics included in this review are postoperative bracing, accelerated strengthening, home-based rehabilitation, proprioception and neuromuscular training, and six miscellaneous topics investigated in single trials.

Results: Bracing following ACL reconstruction remains neither necessary nor beneficial and adds to the cost of

the procedure. Early return to sports needs further research. Home-based rehabilitation can be successful. Although neuromuscular interventions are not likely to be harmful to patients, they are also not likely to yield large improvements in outcomes or help patients return to sports faster. Thus, they should not be performed to the exclusion of strengthening and range-of-motion exercises. Vibration training may lead to faster and more complete proprioceptive PF-562271 clinical trial recovery but further evidence is needed.

Conclusions: Several new modalities for rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction may be helpful but should not be performed to the exclusion of range-of-motion, strengthening, and functional exercises. Accelerated rehabilitation does not appear to be harmful but

further investigation of rehabilitation timing is warranted.”
“Background: Understanding the etiologic organism, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) can be of great value in optimizing strategies to control and prevent its development and transmission.

Methods: VX-680 nmr One hundred and fifty-five Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Cairo, Egypt were studied. In vitro drug susceptibility

testing against rifampin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA) was performed. Resistance was studied by the standard agar proportion method. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequence analysis were used to detect mutations in the genes that encode resistance to rpoB, katG, rpsL, and embB.

Results: Among 155 consecutive M. tuberculosis isolates, 25 (16.1%) were MDR-TB; 13 of these were from newly diagnosed untreated cases, 12 were from re-treated cases, and none of the MDR-TB isolates had matching IS6110 fingerprints. Among the MDR-TB isolates, rpoB mutations were found in 76% of RIF-resistant isolates, katG mutations were found in 47.1% of INH-resistant isolates, rpsL mutations were found in 55.6% of SM-resistant isolates, and embB mutations were found in 36.4% of EMB-resistant isolates.

Conclusions: No major differences were found in the frequencies of mutations or types of amino acid substitution between newly diagnosed untreated cases and re-treated cases.

If, over the years, NR specifications have evolved from mere visual inspections towards the more complex Technically Specified Rubber (TSR) schema, industrial www.selleckchem.com/products/KU-55933.html practice shows that, even for typical TSR grades, significant variations still exist within each shipment, especially

in regard to process-ability. It follows that mastication is quite systematically needed in industrial operations, without or with processing aids or so-called peptizers. Typical NR compounding operations consume therefore time and mixer capacity, a situation, which obviously calls both better characterization methods of (gum) natural rubber and eventually improved grades. There are nowadays promising new

techniques to analyze and characterize polymer materials, some of which are a priori attractive for a better specification of NR grades. One such technique is the so-called Fourier Transform rheometry, a dynamic testing method to investigate both the linear and the non-linear viscoelastic domains of polymer materials. Other are spectroscopic methods like solid Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), either liquid or solid, whose results might be complemented by Size Exclusion Chromatography with special detection techniques, e. g. SEC-MALS, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The purpose of the work reported here was to investigate a series of gum NR grades using Quisinostat in vivo such techniques, with the objectives not only to demonstrate their interest

but also to cross-validate their results. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3058-3071, 2011″
“Cytokines such as TNF and FASL can trigger death or survival depending on cell lines and cellular conditions. The mechanistic details of how a cell chooses among these cell fates are still unclear. The understanding of these processes is important since they are altered in many diseases, including cancer and AIDS. Using a discrete modelling Dactolisib in vitro formalism, we present a mathematical model of cell fate decision recapitulating and integrating the most consistent facts extracted from the literature. This model provides a generic high-level view of the interplays between NFkB pro-survival pathway, RIP1-dependent necrosis, and the apoptosis pathway in response to death receptor-mediated signals. Wild type simulations demonstrate robust segregation of cellular responses to receptor engagement. Model simulations recapitulate documented phenotypes of protein knockdowns and enable the prediction of the effects of novel knockdowns.

The time course and covariables influencing pain scores were analysed by mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA). Following 168 injections in 125 men, pain was reported by 80% of men, peaking immediately after injection, reaching only moderate severity, lasting 1-2 days and returning to baseline by day 4. The pain required little analgesic use and produced minimal interference in daily activities. The time course of pain scores was reproducible in the 43 men who underwent

two consecutive injections. Pain was more severe in men who had an earlier painful injection, but less severe in Captisol in vitro older and more obese men. There were negligible differences in post-injection pain experience between experienced nurses administering injections. Deep IM gluteal injection find more of depot TU in 4-mL castor oil is well tolerated and post-injection pain is influenced by earlier painful injection experience, as well as age and obesity.”
“Plasmon resonances in silver Bowtie nanoantennas have been numerically and experimentally investigated with varying the bow angle. Finite-difference time-domain simulation demonstrates one fundamental and two types of high-order resonances. With the increase in the bow angle, the peak of the fundamental resonance first blueshifts, and then redshifts. Two types of high-order resonances, which are prone to be excited at large bow angles, are assigned to the charge/current oscillations either between the corners or between the edges

of the nanoprisms. Experimentally, far-field Selleckchem PD98059 extinction measurement to lithogragphically fabricated Bowtie nanoantenna

arrays corroborates our interpretation. As far as a 300 nm long, large angle silver Bowtie antenna is concerned, the resonances appear at the wavelengths of similar to 830, similar to 600, and similar to 400 nm, respectively, in accordance with the simulation. The spectrally resolved multiple resonances illustrate the diversity of the excitation in optical nanoantennas and imply potential applications in nanophotonics. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3524504]“
“Methods: Data were collected from 111 HF patients, in six Italian centers. All patients were on optimal medical therapy. Device diagnostics, echographic data, NT-proBNP determination, and clinical status as assessed by the Heart Failure Score (HFS) were registered at baseline, at bimonthly visits, and at unscheduled examinations due to HF decompensation or device alerts.

Results: Over a median follow-up of 413 days, 955 examinations were performed. Intrathoracic impedance was significantly correlated with NT-proBNP (P = 0.013) and with mitral E-wave deceleration time (DtE) (P = 0.017), but not with HFS. At the time of confirmed alert events, NT-proBNP was significantly higher than during confirmed nonalert event examinations; DtE did not differ, whereas impedance was significantly lower.

Conclusion: A decrease in intrathoracic impedance is inversely correlated with NT-proBNP and directly correlated with DtE.

The resultant copolymer powders were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and titrimetric analysis. Also, monomer reactivity ratios, r(1) and r(2), of VPA and MBAA or EGDA were estimated as 0.06 and 0.98 for VPA and MBAA and 0.05 and 1.82 for VPA and EGDA, respectively. This suggested that a large distribution of MBAA and EGDA was present

in the resultant copolymer powders. Their crosslinked PVPA structure presented hydrogel properties having high water uptakes and an absorption mechanism independent from pH of bulk solution. The evidence showed that high VPA loadings could strongly interacted through hydrogen bonds between neighbor VPA www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html segments even in the presence of water. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals,

Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3072-3079, 2011″
“Although they have become a widely used experimental technique for identifying differentially expressed (DE) MK-8776 manufacturer genes, DNA microarrays are notorious for generating noisy data. A common strategy for mitigating the effects of noise is to perform many experimental replicates. This approach is often costly and sometimes impossible given limited resources; thus, analytical methods are needed which increase accuracy at no additional cost. One inexpensive source of microarray replicates comes from prior work: to date, data from hundreds of thousands of microarray experiments are in the public domain. Although these data assay a wide range of conditions, they cannot be used directly to inform any particular experiment and are thus ignored by most DE gene methods. We present the SVD

Augmented Gene expression Analysis Tool (SAGAT), a mathematically principled, data-driven approach for identifying DE genes. SAGAT increases the power of a microarray experiment by using observed coexpression relationships from publicly available microarray datasets to reduce uncertainty in individual genes’ expression measurements. We tested the method on three well-replicated human microarray datasets and demonstrate that use of SAGAT increased effective sample sizes by as many as 2.72 arrays. We applied SAGAT to unpublished data from a microarray study investigating transcriptional responses to insulin resistance, resulting in a 50% increase in the number of significant genes detected. We evaluated 11 selleck chemical (58%) of these genes experimentally using qPCR, confirming the directions of expression change for all 11 and statistical significance for three. Use of SAGAT revealed coherent biological changes in three pathways: inflammation, differentiation, and fatty acid synthesis, furthering our molecular understanding of a type 2 diabetes risk factor. We envision SAGAT as a means to maximize the potential for biological discovery from subtle transcriptional responses, and we provide it as a freely available software package that is immediately applicable to any human microarray study.