Right: corresponding peak shift vs incubation time. (B) Left: reflectivity BI 2536 mouse spectra of APDMES-modified PSi microcavity before (solid line) and after 30 (dashed line) and 60 (dotted line) min of incubation in 33% NH3 at 55°C. Right: corresponding peak shift vs incubation time. Because aqueous ammonia could not be used in Torin 1 molecular weight deprotection steps, we checked the stability of PSi-Mc,d-NH2 (Mc = APTES; Md = APDMES) at the so-called ultra-mild deprotection condition (0.05 M

K2CO3/dry methanol at 55°C for 2 h). Sample PSi-Mc-NH2 showed better chemical resistance than sample PSi-Md-NH2. In particular, a progressive shift of the optical reflectivity spectrum towards shorter wavelength was observed only after more than 2 h of incubation for PSi-Mc-NH2, whereas PSi-Md-NH2 resulted in being partially stable in ultra-mild www.selleckchem.com/products/loxo-101.html deprotection condition only up to 30 min (see plots in Figure 4). Figure 4 Reflectivity spectra of APTES- and APDMES-modified PSi microcavities

before and after incubation in K 2 CO 3 /MeOH dry. (A) Left: reflectivity spectra of APTES-modified PSi microcavity before (red solid line) and after (dashed line) incubation in K2CO3/MeOH dry at 55°C for different times. Right: corresponding peak shift vs incubation time. (B) Left: reflectivity spectra of APDMES-modified PSi microcavity before (red solid line) and after (dashed line) incubation in K2CO3/MeOH CYTH4 dry at 55°C for different times. Right: corresponding peak shift vs incubation time. As the last route in the deprotection strategy, we tested the saturated dry methanolic ammonia solution. Both the two aminosilane-modified PSi structures (PSi-Me,f-NH2) were highly stable at this condition. In Figure 5, we have reported the reflectivity spectra of PSi microcavities before and

after treatment with NH3/MeOH dry. In both cases, any shift cannot be observed, thus confirming the feasibility of this deprotection condition. Figure 5 Reflectivity spectra of APTES- and APDMES-modified PSi microcavities before and after exposure to NH 3 /MeOH dry and ammonia. (A) Reflectivity spectra of APTES-modified PSi microcavity before (solid line) and after (red dashed line) exposure to NH3/MeOH dry solution at RT. (B) Reflectivity spectra of APDMES-modified PSi microcavity before (solid line) and after (red dashed line) exposure to ammonia solution at RT. Once deprotection conditions were checked and fixed for PSi samples, two microcavities, namely PSi-Mg,h -NH2, were used as supports for automated in situ solid-phase ON synthesis using the standard phosphoramidite chemistry. The amount of 5′-dimethoxytrityl released after the detritylation step was used to quantify the functionalization yield of each synthesis cycle by UV-vis spectroscopy as shown in Figure 6 [16, 17]. Up to the fourth coupling cycle, we observed almost the same coupling yield for both aminosilane-functionalized PSi supports.

Haloarchaeal proteins are adapted to these conditions: they contain an excess of acidic amino acids, especially on the surface of the protein, and the frequency of the basic amino acid lysine is reduced [52, 53]. While maintaining solubility and stability under high-salt conditions, the adapted proteins tend to lose their physiological interactions and even denature in solutions of low ionic strength (see [54] and references therein). At the beginning of this study we were not aware of any method that had been successfully applied to analyze the interactions

between halophilic proteins on a medium or large scale. Screening a test set learn more of expected interactors from Hbt.salinarum using the yeast two-hybrid system failed for all selleck chemical tested haloarchaeal proteins (data not shown). The reason turned out to be autoactivation by the (acidic) Hbt.salinarum proteins being used as bait and probably also misfolding of the halophilic proteins when expressed in yeast. To circumvent these issues, we established two affinity purification methods for haloarchaeal protein complexes with subsequent identification of the complex components

by mass spectrometry (affinity purification mass spectrometry, AP-MS). As demonstrated earlier, the cellulose-binding domain (CBD) from the CipB protein from Clostridium thermocellum can be used as an affinity tag to purify halophilic proteins under high salt conditions [55–57]. We expressed the proteins under investigation—which were then called bait proteins—fused to this salt-insensitive affinity tag in their native JAK inhibitor review host Hbt.salinarum to ensure correct folding of the halophilic proteins (Additional file 1). We put the bait proteins under control of a relatively strong promoter resulting in bait overproduction. This was necessary to overcome sensitivity problems but came at the cost of losing the cellular stoichiometry between the next bait protein and its interaction partners. In our first method, termed one-step bait fishing (Figure 1A), Hbt.salinarum cells expressing the bait-CBD fusion protein were lysed and the cell lysate was applied to

a cellulose column. This enabled binding of the bait protein along with its endogenous protein interaction partners (the prey proteins) to the column. After careful washing to remove unbound proteins, the bait-prey complexes were eluted from the column and proteins identified by mass spectrometry. Figure 1 Schematic of purification procedures. A One-Step bait fishing. A Hbt.salinarum strain overexpressing the bait protein fused to CBD is cultured in synthetic medium containing 13C6-leucine. The corresponding bait-control strain overexpressing the bait protein without CBD is cultured in synthetic medium containing 12C6-leucine. The lysate from both strains is mixed and purification done on one cellulose column. B Two-Step bait fishing.

J Trauma 2000, 49:71–75.PubMedCrossRef 19. Biffl WL, Smith WR, Moore EE, Gonzalez RJ, Morgan SJ, Hennessey T, Offner PJ, Ray CE Jr, Franciose RJ, Burch JM: Evolution of a multidisciplinary clinical pathway LY2109761 for the management of unstable patients with pelvic fractures. Ann Surg 2001, 233:843–850.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 20. Ertel W, Keel M, Eid K, Platz A,

Trentz O: Control of severe hemorrhage using C-clamp and pelvic packing in multiply injured patients with pelvic ring disruption. J Orthop Trauma 2001, 15:468–474.PubMedCrossRef 21. Cook RE, Keating JF, Gillespie I: The role of angiography in the management of haemorrhage from major fractures of the pelvis. J Bone Joint Surg 2002, 84B:178–182.CrossRef 22. Kushimoto S, Arai M, Aiboshi J, Harada N, Tosaka N, Koido Y, Yoshida R, Yamamoto Y, Kumazaki T: The role of interventional radiology in patients requiring damage control laparotomy. J Trauma 2003,54(1):171–176.PubMedCrossRef 23. Miller PR, Moore PS, Mansell E, Meredith JW, Chang MC: External fixation or arteriogram in bleeding pelvic fracture. J Trauma 2003, 54:437–443.PubMedCrossRef 24. Hagiwara A, Minakawa K, Fukushima H, MK-4827 Murata A, Masuda H, Shimazaki S: Predictors of

death in patients with life-threatening pelvic hemorrhage after successful transcatheter arterial embolization. J Trauma 2003, 55:696–703.PubMedCrossRef 25. Ruchholtz S, Waydhas C, Lewan U, Pehle B, Taeger

G, Kühne C, Nast-Kolb D: Free abdominal fluid on ultrasound in unstable pelvic ring fracture: is laparotomy always necessary? J Trauma 2004,57(2):278–285. discussion 285–7PubMedCrossRef 26. Fangio P, Asehnoune K, Edouard A, Smail N, Benhamou D: Early embolization and vasopressor administration for management of life-threatening hemorrhage from pelvic fracture. J Trauma 2005, 58:978–984.PubMedCrossRef 27. Sadri H, Nguyen-Tang T, Stern R, Hoffmeyer P, Peter R: Control of severe hemorrhage using C-clamp and arterial embolization in hemodynamically unstable patients with pelvic ring disruption. Amoxicillin Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2005, 125:443–447.PubMedCrossRef 28. Krieg JC, Mohr M, Ellis TJ, Simpson TS, Madey SM, Bottlang M: Emergent stabilization of pelvic ring injuries by controlled GDC-0068 circumferential compression: a clinical trial. J Trauma 2005, 59:659–664.PubMedCrossRef 29. Croce MA, Magnotti LJ, Savage SA, Wood GW 2nd, Fabian TC: Emergent pelvic fixation in patients with exsanguinating pelvic fractures. J Am Coll Surg 2007, 204:935–942.PubMedCrossRef 30. Lai C, Kam CW: Bleeding pelvic fractures: updates and controversies in acute phase management. Hong Kong J Emerg Med 2008,15(1):36–42. 31. Richard MJ, Tornetta P: Emergent management of APC-2 pelvic ring injuries with an anteriorly placed C-Clamp. J Orthop Trauma 2009, 23:322–326.PubMedCrossRef 32.

Trevor Lawley (Sanger Institute). Standard culturing of C. difficile isolates was carried out on blood agar plates at 37°C and anaerobic conditions. DNA Sequencing,

reference assembly and annotation DNA was isolated from one colony of the 31618 strain by standard techniques [43]. The isolate was Z-DEVD-FMK cell line sequenced using the Illumina platform (Solexa) at the Leiden Genome Technology Center (LGTC) selleckchem at the LUMC, using the manufacturers’ protocols. Single end reads were generated and submitted to the NCBI sequence read archive (http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​sra) under accession number SRX030155. A reference assembly of the reads was carried out against strain C. difficile PCR ribotype 078 strain M120 (GenBank accession no. FN665653), using CLC genomics workbench (CLCbio, Aarhus, Denmark). Number of reads used was 5267302, of which 2968638 reads could be mapped to the M120 genome sequence. The unique 100 kb insert present in M120 was readily identified with the CLC genomics workbench. The ORFs present in the insert were identified by CLC genomics workbench and annotation was carried out manually, using BLAST and SMART. ORFs identified as “protein of unknown function” were further analyzed by profile-profile searches through HHpred click here (http://​toolkit. tuebingen.mpg.de/hhpred). Bioinformatic comparison of the mixed origin of Tn6164 The genome of strain M120 was compared to the genomes of C. difficile 630 (Genbank accession no.

AM180355), Thermoanaerobacter sp. (GenBank accession no. CP002210), S. pneumonia (Genbank accession no. CP002121) and C. fetus (Genbank accession no. FN594949) using the Artemis Comparison Tool [44]. Circularization of the transposon In order to investigate if the putative element could excise itself from the genome, PCR analysis was performed to amplify the joint region of a circular molecule using primers at the ends of the element, facing outward (primers 14 and 15 in Table 3). PCR amplifications were carried out using the NEB

Taq Polymerase kit (New England Biolabs, Herts, UK) according to the manufacturer’s instructions with 10 mM dNTPs (NEB). The primers that were used are listed in Table 3 (Sigma-Genosys, UK). Filter-matings assays Filter-matings were carried out as described previously [45]. C. difficile strains M120 and CD37 were cultured Exoribonuclease on Brain heart infusion (BHI) (Oxoid Ltd.) agar supplemented with 5% Horse blood (E&O laboratories). C. difficile strain CD37 was used as recipient. Transconjugants were selected for on BHI plates supplemented with 25 μg/ml rifampicin (Sigma Aldrich) and 10 μg/ml tetracycline (Sigma Aldrich). Transconjugants were examined using PCR with primer pair Lok1/Lok3 to confirm identity of the recipient strain and primer pairs Tn6164 accessory region Fw + Rev and Tn916 Fw + Rev to confirm the transfer of Tn6164 or Tn6190. Inverse PCR C. difficile genomic DNA was digested with PstI or EcoRI. After purification, the genomic DNA fragments were self-ligated to create circular DNAs.

Photosynth Res 94(1):147–151 Robert Hill Govindjee (2001) Calvin and Hill prizes: 2001. Photosynth Res 70(3):325–328 Kamen MD (1992) Robert (‘Robin’) Hill: an appreciation. Photosynth Res 34(3):323–325 Krasnovsky AA (1992) Two days with Robin Hill and forty-five years with Hill reaction. Photosynth Res 34(3):327–328 Prince RC (1992) Robert Hill, FRS; his published work. Photosynth Res 34(3):329–332 Rich PR (1992) Robin Hill: a personal perspective. Photosynth Res 34(3):333–335

Walker DA (1992) Robert Hill. Photosynth Res 34(3):337–338 Jan Ingen-Housz Gest H (1997) A misplaced chapter in the history of photosynthesis research. The second publication (1796) on plant processes by Selleckchem SB-715992 Dr. Jan Ingen-Housz, MD, discoverer of photosynthesis, Photosynth Res 53:65–72 Gest H (2000) Bicentenary homage to Jan Ingen-Housz, pioneer of photosynthesis research. Photosynth Res 63:183–190 Myroslawa Miginiac-Maslow Gadal P (2004) Myroslawa Miginiac-Maslow. Photosynth Res 79(3):229–230 Jacquot J-P (2004) SAR302503 cell line Comments on the contributions of Myroslawa Miginiac-Maslow and Peter Schürmann to the light-dependent redox regulation of choloroplastic enzymes. Photosynth Res 79(3):231–232 Eugene I. Rabinowitch (1898–1973) Bannister TT (1972) The careers and contributions of Eugene Rabinowitch. Biophys J 12(7):707–718 Brody SS (1995)

We remember Eugene. Monoiodotyrosine Photosynth Res 43(1):67–74 Govindjee (2004) Robert Emerson and Eugene Rabinowitch: understanding photosynthesis. In: Hoddeson L (ed) No boundaries. University of Illinois Vignettes. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp 181–194 Rabinowitch A (2005) Founder and father. Bull At Sci 61(1):30–37 Rotblatt J (2000) Fifty Pugwash conferences: a tribute to Eugene Rabinowitch. Available online at: http://​www.​pugwash.​org/​reports/​pac/​pac256/​selleck products rotblat.​htm Kimiyuki Satoh

Enami I, Shen J-R (2008) A brief introduction of Kimiyuki Satoh. Photosynth Res 98(1–3):7–11 Ken-ichiro Takamiya (1943–2005) Ohta H, Masuda T, Matsuura K (2008) Professor Ken-ichiro Takamiya (1943–2005) gentleman & a scientist, a superb experimentalist and a visionary. Photosynth Res 97(2):115–119 Peter Schürmann Buchanan BB (2004) Peter Schürmann. Photosynth Res 79(3):227–228 Jacquot J-P (2004) Comments on the contributions of Myroslawa Miginiac-Maslow and Peter Schürmann to the light-dependent redox regulation of choloroplastic enzymes. Photosynth Res 79(3):231–232 Emil L. Smith Govindjee (1988) The discovery of chlorophyll–protein complex by Emil L. Smith during 1937–1941. Photosynth Res 16:285–289 Thomas J. Wydrzynski Govindjee (2008) Recollections of Thomas John Wydrzynski. Photosynth Res 98(1–3):13–31 Charles F. Yocum Siedow JN (2002) A biographical sketch of Charles F Yocum: “it’s the biochemistry, stupid.

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Excitation laser wavelength was 532 nm. The black spectrum was taken right before adding Ni particles, and the red, green, and blue spectra were taken 60, 120, and 180 min, respectively, after adding Ni particles. Substantial PL enhancements in the aqueous RNA-SWCNT solution after metal particles were introduced can be seen in Figure 4a,b,c where PL spectra before and after the introduction of Au, Co, and Ni particles,

respectively, were Androgen Receptor Antagonist compared. However, the introduction of metal particles into the solution did not have any effect on the Raman spectrum as can be seen in Figure 4d,e,f. Figure 4 Selleckchem AG-881 Photoluminescence and Raman spectra of the RNA-functionalized SWCNTs before and after adding metal particles. PL spectra show substantial enhancement after adding (a) gold, (b) cobalt, and PRIMA-1MET concentration (c) nickel particles. Raman spectra do not show any change after adding (d) gold, (e) cobalt, and (f) nickel particles. Excitation laser wavelength was 514 nm

for (a, b, d, and e) and 532 nm for (c and f). All the ‘after’ spectra were taken 180 min after adding metal particles. In order to see that the observed metal-particle-induced PL enhancement is a unique phenomenon for the RNA-functionalized SWCNTs, we performed the same experiments on the DNA-functionalized SWCNTs. The results, as shown in Figure 5, are almost the same as those on the RNA-functionalized SWCNTs. Finally, we did the same experiments on the DOC-functionalized SWCNTs. However, the PL spectrum as well as the Raman spectrum remained unchanged after the metal particles were introduced into the DOC-SWCNT solution, as shown in Figure 6. Figure 5 Photoluminescence and Raman spectra of the DNA-functionalized SWCNTs before and after adding metal particles.

PL spectra show substantial enhancement after adding (a) gold, (b) cobalt, and (c) nickel particles. Raman spectra do not show any change after adding (d) gold, (e) cobalt, and (f) nickel particles. Excitation laser wavelength was 532 nm for (a, c, d , and f) and 514 nm for (b and e). All the ‘after’ spectra were taken 180 min after adding metal particles. Figure 6 Photoluminescence and Raman spectra of the DOC-functionalized SWCNTs before and after adding metal particles. Both Raman spectra do not show any change after adding (a and d) gold, (b and e) cobalt, and (c and f) nickel http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/BafilomycinA1.html particles. Excitation laser wavelength was 532 nm for all spectra. All the ‘after’ spectra were taken 180 min after adding metal particles. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results (see Additional file 1) showed that the metal particles were not adsorbed on the SWCNTs. In fact, the size of the metal particles is a few micrometers whereas the diameter of the SWCNTs is approximately 1 nm. Thus, the metal particles are too big to be adsorbed on the SWCNTs. The metal particles just sedimented at the bottom of the cuvette and remained there during the optical measurements.

Ultramicroscopy 1998, 74:131–146.CrossRef 25. González D, Lozano JG, Herrera M, Morales FM, Ruffenach S, Briot O, García R: Phase mapping of aging process in InN nanostructures: oxygen incorporation and the role of the zinc blende phase. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:185706.CrossRef 26. Hÿtch MJ, Plamann T: Imaging conditions PLX3397 purchase for reliable measurement of displacement and strain

in high-resolution electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2001, 87:199–212.CrossRef 27. Wang RH, Chen Q, Chen FR, Kai JJ, Peng LM: Quantitative analysis of defects and domain boundaries in mesoporous SBA-16 films. Micron 2007, 38:362–370.CrossRef 28. Usman M, Broderick CA, Lindsay A, O’Reilly EP: Tight-binding analysis of the electronic structure OICR-9429 solubility dmso of dilute bismide alloys of GaP and GaAs. Phys Rev B 2011, 84:245202.CrossRef

29. selleck compound library Nellist PD, Pennycook SJ: The principles and interpretation of annular dark-field Z-contrast imaging. In Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 113. Edited by: Peter WH. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2000:147–203.CrossRef 30. Stephen J, Pennycook PDN: Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: Imaging and Analysis. Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. 31. Zhang S, Froyen S, Zunger A: Surface dimerization induced CuPt B versus CuPt A ordering of GaInP alloys. Appl Phys Lett 1995, 67:3141–3143.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions FB designed and grew the sample and wrote the MBE growth sections. CH carried out the PL study and wrote the PL discussion section. JPRD supervised

the PL analysis and interpretation of the energy transitions. DFR and AS acquired TEM data, carried out the analysed of results and drafted the manuscript. DG and DS designed the TEM studies, supervised the TEM analyses and participated Fossariinae in the draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Raman spectroscopy is a powerful and label-free tool for identifying molecular species because the signals of re-emitted Raman photons address for all molecular species and correspond to a particular set of vibration modes. However, the Raman signal is very weak because Raman scattering is an inelastic scattering process of photon, only one in every 107 photon incidence on a molecule undergoing Raman scattering, and it has a second-order dipole transition nature. Fortunately, it was discovered that the signals of Raman scattering could be amplified enormously by molecules contacting with a textured or patterned special noble metal surface, termed as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [1, 2]. Commonly, the origins of this enhancement [3–6] are believed to have contributions from both electromagnetic enhancement (EM) and chemical enhancement mechanisms.

Figure 2 Immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-C in the gastric carcinoma: the positive expression of VEGF-C protein was stained as yellow or brownish yellow #LCZ696 manufacturer randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells (LsAB, ×400). Immunoreactivity of D2-40 proteins was found in the cytoplasm and cellular membrane of lymphatic endothelial cells. The distribution of D2-40-positive cells was frequently located in peritumoral tissue (hot spot) (Figure 3A). The means of LVD in peritumoral, intratumoral and normal tissue of

the 56 gastric carcinomas were 9.24 ± 4.51, 2.88 ± 2.04, 2.69 ± 1.78, respectively. The LVD in peritumoral, intratumoral (Figure 3B) and normal tissue (Figure 3C) was significantly different by variance analysis of randomized block design. When compared to each other by least significant difference (LSD) test, there was a significant difference between the peritumoral LVD and both the intratumoural LVD and the LVD of normal tissue. There was no significant difference between the intratumoral LVD and the LVD of normal tissue. When the mean

peritumoral LVD of 9.24 was chosen as the cut-off point for discrimination of MK5108 purchase the 56 patients, 32 patients were categorized in the low LVD group and 24 in the high LVD group. Figure 3 Immunohistochemical staining of D2-40: Immunoreactivity of D2-40 proteins was found in the cytoplasm and cellular membrane of lymphatic endothelial cells. A. Detection of lymphatic vessels in the peritumoral tissue of gastric carcinoma was highlighted by immunostaining against D2-40 (LsAB,×200). B. Immunohistochemical staining of D2-40 in the intratumoral tissue of gastric carcinoma (LsAB, ×200). C. Immunohistochemical staining

of D2-40 the normal gastric mucosal tissue (LsAB, ×200). Correlation between COX-2, VEGF-C and LVD and clinicopathologic characteristics The correlation of COX-2, VEGF-C and peritumoral LVD with clinicopathologic factors in gastric carcinoma is shown in Table 1. There was no significant correlation between COX-2 expression and any clinicopathologic characteristics, including gender, age, lymph node metastasis, histological differentiation, invasion depth and TNM stage (P > 0.05, chi-square test). Similarly, Dynein VEGF-C expression was not correlated with any clinicopathologic characteristics (P > 0.05, chi-square test). The peritumoral LVD was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and invasion depth. It was higher in the lymph node metastasis group (10.37 ± 4.61) than in the no lymph node metastasis group (6.64 ± 3.01) (P = 0.003, t-test) and was higher in the T3,T4 group (10.80 ± 5.24) than in the T1,T2 group (8.37 ± 3.85) (P = 0.05, t-test). No significant correlation was observed with the rest of the clinicopathologic parameters (P > 0.05, t-test).

For example, substantial quantitative upscaling might only be possible in tandem with organizational upscaling.”
“Sustainability scientists continue to struggle with overcoming the reactive environmental protection paradigm and focusing on the urgent and complex challenges that threaten the long-term vitality and integrity of societies around the globe (Rayner 2011).1 These challenges are no longer ignorable, as they have triggered fierce debates and controversies

across all sectors and classes of society, finally infiltrating the ivory towers of academia. Yet, public attention is captivated by the entertaining media episodes www.selleckchem.com/products/Ispinesib-mesilate(SB-715992).html on these catastrophes and hardly any attention is paid to the catastrophes’ underlying structures and root causes. Recent examples include Fukushima’s nuclear power plant fiasco and the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that divert attention from the key drivers, namely, the insatiable energy consumption in industrialized nations; the economic ideologies of safety and security that justify military interventions and arms trade, which continue to increase and

spread in spite of humanitarian rhetoric and global recession; the continuous urbanization, with the majority of the world’s population now living in urban areas, thereby, perpetuating the discredits and exploits of rural areas; the silent discounting Fludarabine cell line of our children’s future through industrial food, resulting in more than a quarter of all children in industrialized nations being obese

SN-38 cell line or overweight, with the majority staying obese as adults (Wiek et al. 2011b). While research and education slowly recognize the importance of shifting their efforts to such challenges and their root causes (Jerneck et al. 2011; Spangenberg 2011; Wiek et al. 2011a), sustainability scientists lack experience and expertise in contributing to feasible and effective solution options. The concept of linking knowledge to action for sustainability was initiated a decade ago (Kates et al. 2001) and has been reiterated since then (Komiyama and Takeuchi 2006; van Kerkhoff and Lebel 2006); yet, too many scholars still believe that this link will miraculously emerge. However, it is obvious that it requires a very Selleck Sapitinib different type of research and education (Sarewitz et al. 2010; Wiek et al. 2011a): namely, research that generates knowledge that matters to people’s decisions and engages in arenas where power dominates knowledge; and education that enables students to be visionary, creative, and rigorous in developing solutions and that leaves the protected space of the classroom to confront the dynamics and contradictions of the real world. Against this background, the community of sustainability scientists is confronted with two essential questions.