Both freshwater pearly mussels and fish are resources that remain abundant year after year of harvesting. Such subsistence is associated with the earliest pottery in the Americas and may have been the setting that later led to planting of food crops as staples (Oliver, 2008, Piperno and

Pearsall, 1998, Roosevelt, 2014, Roosevelt et al., 1991 and Roosevelt et al., 2012). Although it is sometimes assumed that permanent villages required agriculture (Clement et al., 2010 and Piperno and Pearsall, 1998), there is no evidence for agriculture at the Archaic villages. The offsite pollen sequences from lakes in the general region show distinct patterns of human disturbance from cutting Tofacitinib nmr and burning at the time, but no crop pollen (Piperno, 1995:153; Piperno and Pearsall, 1998:230–232). The sedentary foragers check details of the pottery-Archaic cultures built large shell mounds that cover many hectares up to heights of 5–20 m, creating calcareous soils and attracting calcimorphic vegetation. Away from the main floodplains and coasts, Archaic sites are later, smaller middens that lack pottery

and have more diverse faunal assemblages that include small mammals (Imazio da Silveira, 1994 and Lombardo et al., 2013a). But by ca. 5000 years cal BP, some Amazonian villagers turned to shifting forest horticulture for their calorie supply, relegating fishing, hunting, and collecting to accessory roles (Oliver, 2008:208–210; Pearsall, 1995, Piperno, 1995 and Piperno and Pearsall, 1998:244–265, 280–281). Their cultures have been dubbed Formative (Lathrap, 1970), as presumed precursors to complex societies. Formative sites have been found in many parts of Amazonia, though the cultures, their ages, and character are still poorly known. Many lie buried meters under the surface, making them elusive in site surveys. Some cultures were already complex socially. The Formatives were the first Amazonians to build earthen mounds and make elaborately decorated artifacts

(see Sections ‘Terra Firme mound complex at Faldas de Sangay in the Ecuadorian Oriente’ and ‘Wetland earth mounds of Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon’) (Neves, 2012:137–139, 168–171; Roosevelt, 2014:1173–1177; Roosevelt et al., 2012:269–278). They were in constant contact with one another throughout the lowlands and even DNA ligase into the Andes and soon migrated by boat to the Caribbean, taking cultivated tree species with them (Newsom and Wing, 2004 and Pagan-Jimenez and Carlson, 2014). Repeated slash and burn cultivation is considered to have produced the fire-magnetized, lightly charcoal-stained anthropic brown soils called terra mulata, found widely in the Amazon (see Section ‘Anthropic black soils’) ( Arroyo-Kalin, 2012, Lehman et al., 2010 and Rostain, 2013:48). Several such soils have been dated to the Formative (e.g., Neves, 2012:134–151; Roosevelt et al., 2012:275).

The Caribbean is one of the world’s largest seas, stretching over 1700 km from Florida to Panama, and between 2300 and 2800 km from Central America in the west to the Lesser Antilles archipelago

in the east. It is approximately the same size as the Mediterranean at over 2.75 million km2 and contains dozens of islands of varying size, ranging from Cuba (the largest at around 111,000 km2) to hundreds of smaller sand islets and cays (keys), with a total land area of approximately 230,000 km2. As noted by Conservation International, Selleckchem VRT752271 the Caribbean is distinguished for its high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Of the 13,000 known plant species, a remarkable 6500 are single-island endemics, with more than 200 plant genera and one plant family, which are found nowhere else. Of the more than 600 bird species recorded, over 25% of which are endemic, 13 are extinct and dozens more are threatened. While many island regions have an impoverished mammalian biota, the Caribbean is home to more than 90 mammal species, nearly half of which are endemic, including many species of rodents such as rare CB-839 cost giant shrews and 20 species of Capromyidae (hutia). The reptilian and amphibian fauna are also diverse, with almost 95% of the former’s 500 recorded

species being endemic. All 170 species of frogs are also endemic, many to single islands. In addition, more than 1500 species of fish, 25 coral genera, 630+ mollusc species, and numerous crustaceans, sea mammals, echinoderms, and sponges have been recorded. Many of these are threatened or have already Baricitinib been driven to extinction in historic times—the Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis), the region’s only endemic pinniped, was declared extinct in 1996 after having not been seen in four decades as a result of overhunting. Manatees (Trichechus manatus) and sea turtles are threatened as

well, and the recent introduction of the non-native, rapidly spreading, and voracious lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) is also causing widespread ecological damage ( Schofield, 2009 and Albins and Hixon, 2011). A plethora of evidence from the Caribbean demonstrates a high level of biodiversity that has been transformed since European contact, but scholars are only now beginning to grasp how humans affected these island environments prehistorically (Fig. 1). Archeological evidence, though ephemeral in many places, suggests that hunter-gatherers (termed the “Lithic” or Ortoiroid) settled the Greater Antilles first ca. 5000–3000 B.C., though it is debated whether they came from Mesoamerica (Keegan, 2000 and Wilson et al., 1998) or South America (Callaghan, 2003).

Antioxidant encapsulation can be used to protect the nutritional

check details and sensory quality of food and/or to protect the body against chronic diseases related to aging [20•]. Fish protein hydrolysates possess antioxidant activity and the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and chelate metal ions [32]. Small peptides show higher antioxidant capacity than native proteins and may be absorbed in the intestine without further digestion. The results obtained so far suggest that the hydrolytic treatment of this industrial by-product, with selected enzymes and microbial systems, can allow its exploitation for the production of functional additives and supplements rich in antioxidant peptides, to be used in new food formulas for human consumption [18]. Mosquera et al. [23] encapsulated a collagen peptidic fraction obtained from sea bream scales subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in nanoliposomes Ku-0059436 manufacturer made of partially purified phosphatidylcholine obtained from industrial soy by-product. Authors as Ahn et al. (2012) [33], and Ahn

et al. (2014) [34] produced bioactive peptides from pectoral fin protein from salmon processing byproduct by enzymatic hydrolysis, and the produced hydrolysate exhibited antioxidant activity. Centenaro et al. [32] report that meat and fish provide valuable sources of protein for many populations around the world; furthermore, meat and fish proteins offer huge potential as novel sources of bioactive peptides displaying antioxidant effects. Different authors 22, 35, 36 and 37 affirm that fish proteins have properties that are advantageous in the preparation of films, such as the ability to form networks, plasticity and elasticity. Edible covers with nanoclays can extend the shelf life and improve the quality of fruits Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK by providing barriers to mass transfer, improving integrity or handling and/or the functional loads such as antimicrobial agents

and antioxidants. El-Halal et al. (2014) [36] stated that proteins have been used extensively because of their relative abundance, nutritional qualities and film-forming ability with a good structural integrity and mechanical properties. It was interesting to investigate the effects of protein isolate and glycerol concentration and pH on the properties of protein films obtained from Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) residues [35]. It is also important to consider that the formation of the films involves a complex series of chemical reactions; these are influenced by experimental conditions such as protein concentration, heating temperature and the addition of a plasticizer [30].

, 2009 and Talsness et al., 2009). In PVC, phthalates can constitute up to 50% of the

plastic’s weight (Oehlmann et al., 2009). Meanwhile, Bisphenol A is a constituent monomer in polycarbonate which is widely used in food and beverage containers. Neither compound is persistent, but their instability within plastic products facilitates Selleck MDX-010 leaching and their high prevalence in aquatic environments has been widely reported, particularly in landfill leachates (vom Saal and Myers, 2008). Due to the large surface-area-to-volume ratio of microplastics, marine biota may be directly exposed to leached additives after microplastics are ingested. Such additives and monomers may interfere with biologically important processes, potentially resulting in endocrine disruption, which in turn I-BET-762 ic50 can impact upon mobility, reproduction and development, and carcinogenesis (Barnes et al., 2009, Lithner et al., 2009 and Lithner et al., 2011). Commonly used additives, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates and the constituent monomer bisphenol A, are renowned for being endocrine-disrupting chemicals as they can mimic, compete with or disrupt the synthesis of endogenous hormones (Talsness et al., 2009). Hormonal imbalance can cause permanent morphological issues in organisms

in developmental stages, or sexual disruption in adults. Phthalates have been associated with a range of molecular and whole-organism effects in aquatic invertebrates and fish, including genotoxic damage (micronuclei and apoptosis in mussel haemocytes), inhibited locomotion in invertebrates and intersex conditions in fish (Oehlmann et al., 2009). Bisphenol A is both an oestrogen agonist and an androgen antagonist that can differentially affect reproduction and development depending on its concentration and the organism affected, at concentrations in the region of μg/l, Bisphenol A can be acutely toxic to both crustaceans and insects. Chronic and widespread exposure of human populations to Bisphenol A has further been associated with chronic health

effects, including heart disease, diabetes and alterations in circulating hormone levels (Galloway et al., 2010 and Lang et al., 2008). Although Ribonuclease T1 it has been shown that plasticisers can induce negative biological effects within the ng/l–μg/l range, Oehlmann et al. (2009) note there has been relatively little research into the chronic effects of these additives in long-term exposures to aquatic species. Marine plastic debris, in particular microplastics with their large surface area to volume ratio, are susceptible to contamination by a number of waterborne-pollutants, including aqueous metals (Betts, 2008 and Ashton et al., 2010), endocrine disrupting chemicals (Ng and Obbard, 2006) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), also referred to as hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) (Rios et al., 2007).

12 Outras evidências sobre a segurança no uso de vitamina D que foram relatadas pelo Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, publicado em julho de 2011, são as que se seguem: 1) Adultos maiores de 18 anos que receberam 50.000 UI de vitamina D2 a cada duas semanas (dose equivalente a 3.000 UI/dia) por até seis anos tiveram níveis calcêmicos dentro da normalidade e nenhuma evidência de toxicidade; 2) Estudo feito em ambos os sexos, em pacientes com idade de Z-VAD-FMK clinical trial 18‐84 anos que receberam o equivalente

a 3.000 UI/dia durante seis anos, não relatou aumento do risco de nefrolitíase nem alterações da calcemia. Baseado na literatura disponível, o grupo concluiu que a toxicidade por

vitamina D é um evento raro. Embora não seja conhecido qual o valor máximo e seguro de níveis circulantes de 25(OH)D para se evitar hipercalcemia, muitos estudos em crianças e adultos têm sugerido que seriam necessários valores superiores selleck chemical a 150 ng/mL. Além do mais, o uso de doses de até 10.000 UI/dia de vitamina D em adultos saudáveis e por um período de ingestão por cinco meses não causou hipercalcemia nem aumentou a excreção urinária de cálcio, marcador mais sensível para potencial intoxicação por vitamina D.8 O número de pacientes com diagnóstico de DM2 está em franca expansão, Fenbendazole quer seja pela longevidade, pelo crescimento populacional, pelo sedentarismo e, principalmente, pela obesidade. Apesar da reconhecida necessidade de mudanças no estilo de vida, compreendidas como reeducação alimentar e atividade física para controle metabólico, essas são medidas difíceis de ser alcançadas e mantidas. Após o reconhecimento da presença de VDR e da enzima CYP27B1 em mais de 40 tipos de células humanas, dentre elas as células beta pancreáticas, houve a menção de que a vitamina D tivesse papel peculiar na regulação de numerosos processos metabólicos, tais como obesidade,

intolerância à glicose, DM2, hipertensão arterial e dislipidemia aterogênica. Somando‐se a isso, o aumento da gordura corporal e a obesidade estão associados com baixos níveis circulantes de 25(OH)D.5, 6 and 9 A participação da vitamina D no desenvolvimento do DM2 poder‐se‐ia dar por diversas ações. Em modelos animais, demonstrou‐se que a secreção pancreática de insulina é inibida pela deficiência de vitamina D e que em humanos essa deficiência estaria relacionada à intolerância à glicose e ao surgimento do DM2.14 A vitamina D afeta a função das células betas pancreáticas em diversas vias, como, por exemplo, na ativação do VDR. A ligação de 1,25(OH)2D ao VDR promove a transcrição de genes regulados por sua forma ativa.

This Whole Genome Shotgun project has been deposited in INSDC (DDBJ/EBI-ENA/GenBank) under the accession number buy NVP-BEZ235 ANOQ00000000. The sequence

associated contextual (meta)data are MIxS (Yilmaz et al., 2011) compliant. This study was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the Microbial Interactions in Marine Systems (MIMAS) project (Grant No. 03F0480A). “
“Rhodopirellula belongs to the ubiquitous bacterial phylum Planctomycetes. Members of the Planctomycetes are abundant in particulate fractions of marine ecosystems and considered as important chemoheterotrophs in the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Living attached, they convert organic material, such as “marine snow” (aggregates of zooplankton, phytoplankton and protists), into carbon dioxide. Their importance in marine systems was recently discovered and documented in several publications ( Glöckner et al., 2003, Winkelmann and Harder, 2009 and Winkelmann et al., 2010). A collection of 70 Rhodopirellula strains obtained from different European seas revealed 13 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs). These were defined by taxonomic studies with

a combination of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence comparisons, DNA–DNA-hybridization (DDH) and a novel multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) approach that employed primers in putatively conserved regions of nine housekeeping genes ( Winkelmann et al., 2010). First evidence for a limited habitat spectrum of these sessile bacteria was detected by annotation and genome comparison Talazoparib mw of the strains.

Here we report the permanent draft genome sequences of three Rhodopirellula baltica strains. Strain SH28 (= IFAM 1430 = JCM 17613 = DSM 24038) was isolated by Heinz Schlesner from the Kiel Fjord, Germany (54.3297 N 10.1493 E) ( Schlesner et al., 2004). Strain WH47 (= JCM 17624 = DSM 24081) originates from the sediment of the Wadden Sea near Sylt, Germany (55.03417 N 8.40167 E), and strain SWK14 (= JCM 17622 = DSM 24080) was isolated from the surface Amine dehydrogenase of a macroalgae sampled at Tjärnö, Sweden (58.8764 N 11.1447 E) ( Winkelmann and Harder, 2009). The genomic DNA of all three strains was isolated using the FastDNA SpinKit for Soil (MP Biomedicals, Germany), randomly sheared into fragments (“shot gun sequencing”) and transferred into 96 well plates with 24 wells assigned to each strain. Sequencing was performed with the Roche 454 Titanium pyrosequencing technology. The assembly was generated with Newbler v. 2.3. Genes were predicted by using a combination of the Metagene (Noguchi et al., 2006) and Glimmer3 (Delcher et al., 2007) software packages. Ribosomal RNA genes were detected by using the RNAmmer 1.2 software (Lagesen et al., 2007) and transfer RNAs by tRNAscan-SE (Lowe and Eddy, 1997).

Nor were they impaired in perceptual discriminations based on conjunctions of features (though another study has shown that SD patients can be Small molecule library impaired on such discriminations for meaningful items; Barense et al., 2010). In contrast, their deficits stemmed from an inability to extract the underlying patterns of feature co-occurrence present over many trials to form representations of the two stimulus categories. However, a great deal

more work is needed to determine precisely how different sub-regions within the ATLs work together to process complex feature conjunctions in a single experience and to integrate information acquired over many experiences into coherent concepts. The striatum

and putamen are also involved in learning to classify stimuli when integration of two dimensions is required, particularly in the early stages of learning (Waldschmidt & Ashby, 2011). These subcortical structures are intact in SD (Mummery et al., 2000) but their interaction with the damaged temporal cortex has not been investigated. In this study, EPZ5676 cost we focused on the integration of stimulus features within the visual modality. However, it is important to note that the ATLs play an important role in integrating conceptual knowledge across modalities: they are equally activated during conceptual processing of visual and auditory stimuli, both verbally and non-verbally ( Binney et al., 2010, Spitsyna et al., Fossariinae 2006 and Visser and Lambon Ralph, 2011). In the primate literature, the ATLs have been associated with associative learning both within the visual modality ( Albright, 2012 and Messinger et al., 2001) and across different sensory modalities ( Murray and Richmond, 2001 and Parker and Gaffan, 1998). Indeed, the ATLs are strongly connected to visual, auditory and other

sensory cortices ( Moran et al., 1987 and Pandya and Seltzer, 1982), making this region a key area of polysensory or “transmodal” cortex ( Mesulam, 1998, Patterson et al., 2007 and Simmons and Barsalou, 2003). The hub-and-spoke model distinguishes between this transmodal cortex and spoke regions that are sensitive to structure in a single modality, though this distinction may be relative rather than absolute. Recently, we have proposed that the anterior temporal region acts as a graded representational space ( Plaut, 2002), in which the type of information coded by each area of cortex is determined by the inputs it receives from sensory and unimodal association cortices ( Binney et al., 2012). For example, the dorsolateral ATL receives strong input from the posterior superior temporal gyrus, leading this area to exhibit relative specialisation for information in auditory and verbal modalities ( Visser & Lambon Ralph, 2011).

(A) CXCL12 and its α, β, and γ isoforms vary significantly with race. (B) Overall CXCL12 and CXCL12-α vary significantly with age. Expression levels are means ± SEM. *P < .05, **P < .001. "
“Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease with a cumulative 5 year overall survival of 4% for all stages [1]. Current treatment of non-metastatic, unresectable disease similarly results in

dismal median survival rates of 11 to 12 months, nearly selleck inhibitor uniform local persistence of disease and poor local control [2] and [3]. Indeed, recent data suggests that failure to control the primary tumor results in complications that contribute to mortality in approximately 30% of patients [4]. To date, no treatment has had a truly

significant impact on improving outcomes in unresectable PDAC. The pivotal trial validating gemcitabine as first-line chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer showed a modest improvement in median survival of 6 months compared to 4 months with 5-fluorouracil [5]. Gemcitabine has also been shown to enhance radiosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells in laboratory and clinical studies [6]. A Phase I study evaluated radiotherapy dose escalation using three-dimensional conformal techniques with full-dose gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2), yet it was not possible to escalate the dose beyond 36 Gray (Gy; 2.4 Gy daily fractions) secondary to gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities [7]. In an attempt to minimize dose-limiting toxicities to organs-at-risk and simultaneously allow CP-868596 molecular weight an increase in tumor dose, Ben Josef et al. recently reported

excellent outcomes (response rate of 52%, median overall survival 23 months) using dose-escalated IMRT combined with full-dose gemcitabine [8]. A potential mechanism to further exploit this synergy is through identification of targeted agents with chemo- and radiosensitizing properties that have minimal intrinsic cytotoxicity. Targeting of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1/2 (PARP-1/2) proteins is one such strategy with immense potential. PARP activation and poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerization represent one of the first in a coordinated series Thiamet G of events following single- and double-strand DNA damage repair, through the base excision repair (BER) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways, respectively [9], [10] and [11]. Based on conserved genetic sequences, encoded for by 18 different genes, 18 nuclear proteins have been classified as members of the PARP superfamily. The superfamily is further subdivided into three branches, the PARP-1 group, the tankyrase group, and other PARP enyzmes. The PARP-1 group of NAD+-dependent enzymes has been extensively studied, and its members PARP-1 and PARP-2 are generally considered as the primary enzymes involved in DNA repair [12].

Modelling activities constrained by Ipilimumab observations need to be focused on aerosol cloud-mediated climate in the Baltic Region. This ideally should include: • Treatment of biogenic and carbonaceous aerosols. Summarising the results presented above, it can be concluded that there is clear observational evidence for an anthropogenic influence on aerosol cloud-mediated processes

over Europe. The effects show individual characteristics for different atmospheric circulation patterns. The next steps need to combine atmospheric modelling and different observations synthesised in more detail, including the latest achievements from field studies aiming to analyse the European aerosol system (Kulmala et al. 2011). “
“The climatic features of a particular region depend primarily on latitude, land-sea interactions and the annual cycle (seasons), whereas intra-seasonal variations of climate are determined mostly by atmospheric circulation. In temperate climates, prolonged ‘steady states’ of atmospheric conditions usually give rise to extreme events such as floods, droughts, thaws, and frosts. In boreal zones of excessive moisture, extreme droughts are not a very common phenomenon (Lloyd-Hughes & Saunders 2002); all four categories of drought (Mishra & Singh 2010) have nevertheless been identified. First of all, droughts have a major impact on agriculture as well as on the increasing number of forest

fires and the decrease in river runoff (Hisdal & Tallaksen 2003). Moreover, VE-822 mouse Cell Penetrating Peptide droughts can seriously affect the regional economy, human social life and wildlife (Thorsteinsson and Björnsson, 2011 and Rimkus et al., 2013). Recent studies have indicated that the number of droughts has not been increasing in northern Europe (Bordi et al. 2009); nonetheless, droughts are still expected to be common in the future (Kjellström et al. 2007). Every regional scale of drought has its own, unique, developing scenario because of the very complex nature of droughts. Lack of precipitation is well-known as the main factor contributing to drought

occurrence, while other factors either have a too ‘long memory’, such as soil moisture in deeper layers, or large spatial variability in land use and vegetation cover, or very special preconditions such as snow water equivalent, the rate of snow melt and the thickness of frozen soil. Earlier studies showed that there is no typical chain of processes linked to summer drought occurrence either in northern Europe (Parry et al., 2010 and Kingston et al., 2013) or in northern North America (Girardin et al., 2006 and Cook et al., 2011). However, some circulation indices are still useful diagnostic tools for the large-scale atmospheric circulation impact on regional hydro-thermal anomalies (Zveryaev, 2004 and Samaniego and Bardossy, 2007, Ignacio et al. 2008, Parry et al. 2010).

ift.org Gastro-intestinal Models for the Study of Probiotics and Prebiotics – Scientific Symposium 13 June 2011 Kosice, Slovakia Internet:http://www.probiotic-conference.net/Symposium International Scientific Conference on Probiotics and Prebiotics - IPC2011 14–16 June 2011 Kosice, Slovakia Internet:www.probiotic-conference.net International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 18–20 June 2011 Melbourne, Australia Internet:www.isbnpa2011.org 16th European Carbohydrate Symposium 3–7 July check details 2011 Sorrento, Italy Internet:www.eurocarb2011.org 12th International Congress on Amino Acids,

Peptides and Proteins 1–5 August 2011 Beijing, China Internet:http://www.meduniwien.ac.at/icaap/ ICOMST 2011 - 57th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology 21–26 August 2011 Ghent, Belgium Internet:http://www.icomst2011.ugent.be 2nd EPNOE International Polysaccharides Conference 29 August–2 September 2011 Wageningen, The Netherlands Internet:www.vlaggraduateschool.nl/epnoe2011/index.htm selleck kinase inhibitor 2nd International ISEKI

Food Conference 31 August – 2 September 2011 Milan, Italy Internet:www.isekiconferences.com 9th Pangborn Sensory Science Symposium 4–8 September 2011 Kyoto, Japan Internet:www.pangborn2011.com 7th Predictive Modelling of Food Quality and Safety Conference 12–15 September 2011 Dublin, Ireland Internet:http://eventelephant.com/pmf7 9th International Food Databamk Conference 14–17 September 2011 Norwich, UK Internet:http://www.eurofir.net/policies/activities/9th_ifdc 7th NIZO Dairy Conference 21–23 September

2011 Papendal, The Netherlands Internet:www.nizodairyconf.elsevier.com American Association of Cereal Chemists Annual Meeting 16–19 October 2011 Palm Springs, California Internet:www.aaccnet.org 2011 EFFoST Annual Meeting 8–11 November 2011 Berlin, Germany Internet:www.effostconference.com International Society for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (ISNFF) Conference 14–17 November 2011 Sapporo, Japan Internet:www.isnff.org International Conference on Food Factors – “Food for Wellbeing-from Function to Processing” 20–23 November 2011 Taipei, Rutecarpine Taiwan Internet:www.icoff2011.org/download/Invitationlette.pdf Food Colloids 2012 15–18 April 2012 Copenhagen, Denmark E-mail: Richard Ipsen: [email protected] 8th International Conference on Diet and Activity Methods 8–10 May 2012 Rome, Italy Internet:http://www.icdam.org 11th International Hydrocolloids Conference 14–17 May 2012 Purdue University, USA Internet:http://www.international-hydrocolloids-conference.com/ IDF International Symposium on Cheese Ripening 20–24 May 2012 Madison, Wisconsin, USA Internet:www.fil-idf.org IDF/INRA International Symposium on Spray-Dried Dairy Products 19–21 June 2012 St Malo, France Email:[email protected] IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo 25–29 June 2012 Las Vegas, USA Internet:www.ift.