“
“In the attempt to complete the available information on biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) use and mechanisms of action, some data

and observations GKT137831 inhibitor are presented that for different reasons were never published before.

These pieces of information derive from minute efforts of gastrointestinal physiology research or from rigorous but preliminary and incomplete collection of data, combined with the daily input from clinical use of BPD.

They essentially regard intestinal limbs, gastric volume, and their interactions in affecting energy and protein intestinal absorption in BPD.

It is hoped that this new information will help surgeons to increase their knowledge and improve their ability to obtain the best results from the BPD procedure.”
“The aim

of this study was to report the treatment results and complications of cranial bone reconstruction in patients with craniosynostosis at the Seoul National University Children’s Hospital over the 14-year period from 1996 to 2009. A retrospective study was undertaken on 96 cases of 94 consecutive patients diagnosed with craniosynostosis, operated on between 1996 and 2009. The authors collected the data regarding age at surgery, operative time, duration of hospitalization, and follow-up period. Surgical results including the amount of blood loss, signs related to increased intracranial pressure, aesthetic results, cranial index, and complications PCI-34051 supplier were evaluated. The authors compared these results with those of the past 10-year LY2835219 Cell Cycle inhibitor period from 1986 to 1995 at the same hospital. There were 81 patients with single synostosis and 13 patients with multiple synostoses. The age of patients ranged from 3 months to 130 months (mean, 27.9 months). The mean operative time was 7.54 +/- 1.77 hours. The duration of hospital stay ranged from 5 to 70 days with a mean period of 8.97 days. The intraoperative loss of hemoglobin ranged from 0 to 9.2 g/dL (mean, 2.35 g/dL).

The symptoms of increased intracranial pressure were improved after cranioplasty. With regard to aesthetic results, 94 patients were classified into category I and 2 into category IV. The cranial index decreased from 88.0% +/- 1.2% to 86.9% +/- 1.1% on average. There were 34 minor complications in 28 operations (29.2%). There were statistically significant differences in age at surgery, operative time, duration of hospital stay, and reoperation rate between the recent 14-year study and the past 10-year study. We observed good surgical results and low complications of cranial bone reconstruction in patients with craniosynostosis. The results of the recent 14-year operations were better than those of the past 10-year operations.”
“Evidence for reconsolidation in non-human animals has accumulated rapidly in the last decade, providing compelling demonstration for this phenomenon across species and memory paradigms.

Experiments with three repeatable results were taken for consideration. Arthryl inhibited environmental bacterial colonies’ growth in every media but fungi growth was not impaired. Milk stayed liquid for the whole week with supplement of the Arthryl compared with sour milk transformation without Arthryl. Sample B showed inhibitory properties of the bacterial colonies on the fungi growth. The sample with Arthryl showed progressive growth of fungi without bacterial growth after 10 days of follow up compared with bacterial

growth on media without Arthryl. Glucosamine sulfate as a new trademark Arthryl has environmental antibacterial properties but does Kinase Inhibitor Library manufacturer not inhibit growth of fungal colonies.”
“More than ever before, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) is actively used for interior and exterior applications in the automotive industry. Foamed TPO parts use far less material than their solid counterparts and, thereby,

reduce material cost, weight, and fuel usage. However, foamed TPO is not yet in mainstream use because the appropriate foaming technology is not yet well developed. The literature reports the use of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as a blowing agent for TPO;(1-3) there is, however, little Selleck Y 27632 research on the use of nitrogen (N(2)) as a blowing agent, despite nitrogen’s numerous advantages. In this study, various talc contents were added to a TPO matrix consisting of polypropylene blended with www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD8055.html a metallocene-based polyolefin elastomer. The effect of talc on the TPO foams blown with N(2) was studied with a batch foaming simulation system. The simulated results were compared actual foam extrusion results. The influence of the N(2) content and processing conditions on the cell nucleation behavior is discussed. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 1691-1703, 2010″
“Bulk and nanopyrochlore materials of composition Y(2-x)Ln(x)Ti(2)O(7) (Ln=Eu and Gd, x=0.0,0.05)

have been prepared by sol-gel method via peroxo titanium complex precursor. All the samples were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The unit cell parameters were obtained from Rietveld analysis of XRD patterns. The influence of particle size on the emission of Eu(3+) (in Y(2-x)Eu(x)Ti(2)O(7)), the electron spin resonance (ESR) of Gd(3+) (in Y(2-x)Gd(x)Ti(2)O(7)) and optical absorption spectra have been studied. The band gap energy of Y(1.95)Ln(0.05)Ti(2)O(7) (Ln=Eu and Gd) was determined and compared with parent Y(2)Ti(2)O(7). The variation in the emission intensity of Eu(3+) is accounted with the particle size and short range order. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters of Gd(3+) were obtained from the powder ESR spectra. The single-ion anisotropy was taken in to account in the analysis of powder ESR spectra. The crystallite size was obtained from powder XRD and TEM images. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

Results: There were no significant differences between people with and without a stoma in health-related quality of life, emotional functioning and illness cognitions. There were moderate and significant relations between the illness cognitions helplessness (negative) and disease acceptance (positive) on the one hand and health-related quality of life and emotional functioning on the other. For helplessness this relation barely differed between people with and without a stoma, but for disease Napabucasin acceptance this relation was stronger for people without a

stoma than for people with a stoma.

Conclusions: The study showed no differences in health-related ZD1839 inhibitor quality of life, but a stronger relation between disease acceptance and health-related quality of life for people without a stoma than for people with a stoma. If this relation is causal, people with negative illness cognitions after rectal cancer treatment might be identified and offered help.

Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“The structural and photoacoustic properties of nanostructured zinc antimonides Zn4Sb3 and ZnSb prepared by mechanical alloying were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy (PAS). The XRD patterns revealed the existence of Zn4Sb3 and elemental Zn for 10 h of milling, Zn4Sb3 and ZnSb for 20 h of milling, and ZnSb and elemental Zn for 30 h of milling. Using the Rietveld

structural refinement procedure, SN-38 cell line the experimental XRD patterns were simulated and the relative amounts of each phase for each of the milling times above were calculated. The thermal diffusivity values corresponding to each milling time were measured from the PAS signal amplitude and phase. Using the thermal diffusivity value and the relative amounts of ZnSb and elemental Zn, we estimated the thermal diffusivity for the ZnSb phase in nanometric form. The result seems to corroborate the suggestion of other researchers that the thermal conductivity tends to be smaller in materials with nanometric crystallites.”
“Objective: This pilot project evaluated the acceptability and estimated the effect size of a tailored multidisciplinary quality of life (MQOL) intervention for men who have biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer.

Methods: Participants included 57 men with localized prostate cancer with biochemical recurrence (Median = 76 years; 89% White). Participants were randomized to wait list control which offered the intervention upon conclusion of the study (n = 27) or to an eight-session group-based, MQOL (n = 30) intervention. Assessments were completed at baseline, end of treatment, and 6 months post-treatment.

To inform future conservation measures for this poorly known species, we used ecological niche factor analysis, habitat suitability modelling and distance sampling to determir e landscape-scale habitat requirements and estimate the population size. Using GIS software, we integrated digital layers of ecogeographic variables with; (1) presence-only observations to derive and validate a habitat suitability

model using ecological niche factor analysis, and (2) distance sampling to determine population distribution and densities across vegetation types. We detected populations in only five of seven reserves which they had occupied in 2000. We estimate the global population size to be 16,821 individuals (range 8431-39, 104), 68% greater than the previously learn more estimated 10,000 individuals, with a single large reserve containing the majority (similar to 92%) of the global population. The Mallee Ernu-wren is a habitat specialist, primarily occurring in mallee-Triodia vegetation that has not been burnt for at least 15 years. The highest densities were in vegetation associations containing at least a 15% cover of Triodia, however, time since the habitat was last burnt was the overriding factor in determining densities. Large-scale wildfires are a pervasive threat:

to the global status of the Mallee Emu-wren, and the risk to remaining populations is exacerbated by the adverse impact of prolonged drought and the potential for altered fire regimes caused by global warming. Evaluation of the global population status, and the continued wildfire threat warranted this website recent reclassification of the Mallee Emu-wren from Vulnerable to Endangered according to IUCN Red List categories and criteria. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Materials and methods: aEuro integral The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Linsitinib price SC7K((lys2–3)) ((auxotrophic for lysine)) was used as eukaryotic model. Exponential growing cells were exposed to the mentioned agents, as single and combined treatments. Lethal and mutation interaction

equations were determined as a function of doses according to quantitative models. DNA double-strand breaks were evaluated immediately after treatments, through pulsed-field electrophoresis and laser densitometry.

Results: aEuro integral All three agents induced significant mutant frequency. The gamma gamma aEuroS++Pt ++ E combination determined maximal lethal and mutagenic synergism, followed by gamma gamma aEuroS++ aEuroSPt and gamma gamma aEuroS++ aEuroSE combinations. Meanwhile, Pt aEuroS++ aEuroSE combination showed lethal additivity and very low mutagenic synergism. Pt aEuroS++ aEuroSE double combination determined moderate DNA degradation. DNA degradation after gamma gamma-exposure, was similar to that of gamma gamma aEuroS++ aEuroSPt, gamma gamma aEuroS++ aEuroSE and gamma gamma aEuroS++ aEuroSPt aEuroS++ aEuroSE combinations.

Concentrations of sCD14 were measured in scrum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS: The genotype frequencies of C-159T polymorphism differed significantly between TB patients and controls (P ABT-263 = 0.006). The risk of TB was 2.3-fold greater in individuals with

the T-allele (CT + TT) in comparison to those without (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.2-4.3, P = 0.006). Mean total sCD14 was significantly increased in the serum of patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (mean +/- SD = 3177 +/- 751 ng/ml) compared to healthy controls (mean +/- SD = 2955 +/- 424 ng/ml, P < 0.004).

CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the C-159T polymorphism of the CD14 gene is associated with TB; serum sCD14 levels were higher in TB patients in a sample of the Iranian population.”
“Background: Enhanced cardiac matrix

metalloproteinase activity (MMPs) has been associated with ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. It is unknown whether MMPs contribute to systolic/diastolic dysfunction and compensatory remodeling in 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. To test this hypothesis, we used 2K1C rats after 2 weeks of surgery treated or not with a nonspecific inhibitor of MMPs (doxycycline).

Methods and Results: We found that blood pressure and +/-dP/dt increased in 2K1C rats compared with sham groups, and these parameters were attenuated by doxycycline treatment (P < .05). Doxycycline also reversed cardiac hypertrophy observed in 2K1C rats (P < .05). Hypertensive rats showed Selleckchem 3 MA increased MMP-2 levels in zymograms and in the tissue by immunofluorescence (P < .05) compared with sham groups. Increased total gelatinolytic activity was observed in untreated 2K1C rats when compared with sham groups (P < .05). Doxycycline decreased total gelatinolytic activity in 2K1C rats to control levels click here (P < .05).

Conclusion: An imbalance in gelatinolytic activity, with increased MMP-2 levels and activity underlies the development of morphological and functional alterations found in the compensatory hypertrophy observed in 2K1C

hearts. Because function and structure were restored by doxycycline, the inhibition of MMPs or their modulation may provide beneficial effects for therapeutic intervention in cardiac hypertrophy. (J Cardiac Fail 2010;16:599-608)”
“SETTING: Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is endemic in the cattle population in Nigeria. Livestock workers are at risk of Mycobacterium bovis infection and unaware of their health status.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of pulmonary M. bovis infection among livestock workers.

DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of livestock traders was conducted for TB through screening of sputum samples using a simple random sampling method coupled with oral interview on the assumption of sub-clinical pulmonary TB infection. Specimens were cultured, and the isolates analysed using molecular typing techniques.

RESULTS: Overall, 10% (7/70) of the livestock traders had a positive culture indicative of M.

Results. PF loading increased with PD height loss, and further increased with AD height gain. In moderate DD, PF loading was more affected by PD height loss than AD height gain, whereas in severe DD, it was more affected by AD height gain than PD height loss.

Conclusion. The current study conclusions suggest a possible mechanism for PF loading through loss and gain in the AD and PD heights during moderate and severe grades of DD. Further cervical spine based biomechanical investigations are suggested to verify our findings.”
“Primary generalized

dystonia presents mainly at a young age and commonly is severely disabling. The authors report the long-term follow-up P005091 mouse (mean, 73 months; range, 50-101 months) of 5 pediatric patients (mean age at surgery 13 years; range, 8-16 years) undergoing globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation. Mean improvement in the Burke-Fahn-Marsden movement score was 67.4% (range, 47.0%-87.5%), 75.4% (range, 61.5%-91.7%), and 83.5% (range, 72.0%-93.3%) at 3 months, 12 months,

and long-term follow-up (>36 months), respectively. Hardware problems (electrode dislocation/breakage of extension cable, and imminent perforation of extension cable) were observed in 2 patients (operative revision without sequelae). Except for mild dysarthria in 2 patients, no other therapy-related morbidity was observed. The authors found globus pallidus internus stimulation to offer a very effective and safe therapy in pediatric patients with primary dystonia. FK506 ic50 Early neurosurgical intervention

seems to be crucial to prevent HDAC inhibitors list irreversible impairment of motor function.”
“Disease-modifying treatments are now available in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), and their beneficial effects have been shown in several clinical studies. However, as these treatments are only partially effective in halting the MS disease process and are frequently associated with side effects and suboptimal patient adherence, new oral therapeutic approaches are warranted. This review focuses on advances in current and novel oral treatment approaches for MS. Several pivotal reports have provided promising results for new oral therapies evaluating the safety and efficacy of new agents including fingolimod, fumaric acid, cladribine, teriflunomide and laquinimod.”
“Study Design. Case report and clinical discussion.

Objective. To describe a unique etiology for a patient presenting with exercise-induced lower extremity numbness found to have agenesis of the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) and a large vein draining the confluence of the iliac veins through the L4 foramen into the epidural plexus.

Summary of Background Data. Epidural venous abnormalities are infrequently determined to be the etiology of nerve root compression syndromes. Such cases have been described in patients with absent IVC with thrombosis.

As a result, the hydrophilicity of the gradient surfaces displayed a gradual change along the same direction. Water contact angle measurements also proved this point. The graft reaction rate was investigated as a function GS-9973 manufacturer of positions along the PU membrane. The average grafting yield of PU membrane increased with the extending of UV light irradiation and increase of photo initiator dosage. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

J Appl Polym Sci 114: 769-774, 2009″
“Three types of dissociated misfit dislocations (MDs) in epitaxial Ba0.3Sr0.7TiO3 thin films grown on (001) LaAlO3 have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. First, a MD with b=[101] dissociates into two edge partials and results in the incline of film lattice. Second, a [110] MD is split into two (1/2)[110] partials of mixed character. In the third case, a [110] MD of mixed character is composed of three partials which are reacted with two (1/2)<< 110 >> stacking faults. Neither of the three types of dissociation reactions has been reported before for MDs in perovskite thin films.”
“Background-Electrocardiographic

traits are important, substantially heritable determinants of risk of arrhythmias and Screening Library sudden cardiac death.

Methods and Results-In this study, 3 population-based cohorts (n=10 526) genotyped with the Illumina HumanCVD Beadchip and 4 quantitative electrocardiographic traits (PR interval, QRS axis, QRS duration, and QTc interval) were evaluated for single-nucleotide polymorphism associations. Six gene regions contained single nucleotide polymorphisms

associated with these traits at P<10(-6), including SCN5A (PR interval and QRS duration), CAV1-CAV2 locus (PR interval), CDKN1A (QRS duration), NOS1AP, KCNH2, and KCNQ1 (QTc interval). Expression quantitative trait loci analyses of top associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms were undertaken in human heart and aortic tissues. NOS1AP, SCN5A, IGFBP3, CYP2C9, and CAV1 showed evidence of differential allelic expression. We modeled the effects of ion channel activity on electrocardiographic parameters, estimating the change in gene expression that would account for our observed associations, thus relating epidemiological PFTα cell line observations and expression quantitative trait loci data to a systems model of the ECG.

Conclusions-These association results replicate and refine the mapping of previous genome-wide association study findings for electrocardiographic traits, while the expression analysis and modeling approaches offer supporting evidence for a functional role of some of these loci in cardiac excitation/conduction. (Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5:630-638.)”
“The purpose of this study was to develop a poloxamer analogs/bioadhesive polymers-based in situ gelling ophthalmic delivery system aiming at enhancing bioavailability and anticataract effect.

We investigated whether serum and salivary Galardin mw anti-BPI autoantibodies also appear in the course of acute pneumonia in 24 otherwise healthy children. Nine (38%) and four (17%) patients had detectable serum anti-BPI immunoglobulin G (IgG) (>= 4 IU mL-1) and IgA (ratio >= 1.2), respectively, on the day of hospital admission (day 0). There was no increase in the rate of occurrence or the concentration of these antibodies in the convalescent sera obtained on day

30. The presence of anti-BPI IgG on admission did not correlate with inflammatory markers (peripheral white blood cell count, C-reactive protein) or temperature on admission. Also, salivary anti-BPI IgA, determined on days 0, 3-5 and 30, did not appear during the course of acute pneumonia. In summary,

a substantial proportion of previously healthy children have pre-existing anti-BPI IgG autoantibodies. Acute neutrophilic infection, i.e. pneumonia, however, neither triggered the appearance of new antibodies nor boosted the concentrations of pre-existing ones. Thus, in typical acute pneumonia in children, autoantibodies directed NVP-LDE225 inhibitor against BPI may not have clinical significance.”
“Laser irradiation with a 9.6 mu m wavelength resonant with the (02(0)0) level improves the anti-Stokes cooling of CO2 gas. Excitation of the

(02(0)0) level increases cooling by producing a larger population of (00(0)1), despite the higher-energy photon absorption, compared to a (10(0)0) level excitation. Further selection of macroconditions (temperature, pressure, Xe Tariquidar in vivo diluent atomic fraction, and geometric parameters) enhances cooling by reducing parasite gas conduction through slower thermal energy transport and increasing the nonequilibrium population of the excited (00(0)1) level by fast species diffusion and small collisional relaxation. We include reabsorption, and then find the conditions for optimal cooling.”
“To evaluate the effects of recombinant porcine interleukin-18 (rpIL-18) on the replication of viruses in host cells and proliferation of lymphocytes, porcine IL-18 (pIL-18) isolated from a domestic big-white porcine breed found in the Henan province (HN) was cloned using a reverse transcriptase-PCR. The cloned HN pIL-18 contained an ORF of 579 base pairs encoding a 192-amino-acid precursor protein. The amino acid sequence of HN pIL-18 was compared with all the other pIL-18 amino acid sequences and varied by at least one amino acid to the consensus of all the others available. HN pIL-18 mature protein gene was inserted into a prokaryotic vector pGEX-4T-1 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21.

These data may be used to counsel patients regarding

complications associated with spinal fusion for SK in the hands of experienced spinal deformity surgeons.”
“In addition to the fabrication of thermoset styrene-based shape see more memory polymer (SMP) and its nanocomposite filled with nanocarbon particles, this study presents the effect of nanocarbon particles on infrared light-active shape recovery behaviors of this type of SMP material. The experimental results reveal that both pure SMP and SMP filled with nanocarbon particles can be actuated by infrared light in vacuum, while shape memory effect shown by the composite is stronger than that of in pure SMP. Shape memory effect is evaluated by shape recovery ability and shape recovery speed in detail. Moreover, factors which would influence the infrared light-active shape memory effect in SMP with/without nanocarbon particles are explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and infrared absorption characteristic tests. The better shape memory effect of the nanocomposite attributes to its higher storage modulus and higher infrared absorption capability. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 2455-2460, 2009″
“BACKGROUND:

Salivary markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status represent promising tool for the research of oral diseases. One of the criteria Selleck BTSA1 is the validation of these biomarkers from the perspective of the confounding and modifying factors.

AIM: To examine the effect of circadian rhythm, tooth-brushing and ascorbic acid treatment on selected salivary markers of oxidative and carbonyl stress, and antioxidant status.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 19 healthy participants three times during a day, before and after tooth-brushing, and before and after the administration of vitamin C (250 mg). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), ferric reducing

antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured.

RESULTS: Salivary AGEs levels varied significantly during the day (p < 0.05) with the highest concentrations in the morning. FRAP levels varied Fer-1 datasheet during the day (p < 0.01) with the highest concentrations in the afternoon. Tooth-brushing decreased AGEs (p < 0.05) and TBARS levels (p < 0.01) and increased FRAP levels (p < 0.05). Single intake of vitamin C significantly decreased AGEs (p < 0.001) and increased both FRAP (p < 0.01) and TAC (p < 0.01) concentrations.

CONCLUSION: Significant daily variations were observed in salivary AGEs and FRAP levels. Tooth-brushing and treatment with vitamin C decreased carbonyl stress and increased the antioxidant status.

SAI patients were compared with 27 previous patients who had pelvic fixation via other screw techniques.

Results. For SAI fixation, correction of pelvic obliquity and Cobb angles were 20 degrees +/- 11 degrees (70%) and 42 degrees +/- 25 degrees (67%), respectively. For other pelvic fixation methods, those values were 10 degrees +/- 9 degrees (50%), and 46 degrees +/- 16 degrees (60%),

respectively. Compared high throughput screening compounds with other screws, SAI screws provided significantly better pelvic obliquity correction (P = 0.002) but no difference in Cobb correction. There were 2 lucencies adjacent to screws in both groups. Computed tomography scans of 18 SAI patients showed no intrapelvic protrusion, but 1 screw extended laterally (<5 mm). One early SAI patient required revision with larger screws, which relieved pain; there was 1 revision in the comparison group. SAI patients had no deep infections, implant prominence, late skin breakdown,

or anchor migration; traditional patients had 3 deep infections (P = 0.09) Bcl-2 inhibitor and 3 instances of implant prominence, skin breakdown, or anchor migration.

Conclusion. SAI pelvic fixation produces better correction of pelvic obliquity than do previous techniques. Radiographic and clinical anchor stability is satisfactory at 2-year follow-up.”
“Microporous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was prepared via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method using a binary diluent of diphenyl ketone (DPK) and 1,2-propylene glycol (PG). The phase diagram for the PVDF/binary diluent of DPK and PG system was measured in the range of the PG/DPK mass ratio changing from 0 to 2/3. Then the effects of the

PG/DPK mass ratio and the PVDF concentration on membrane cross-section structures and tensile strength were also investigated. The results showed that the addition of PG brought about a shift Vactosertib TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor of the cloud point curve to a higher temperature and the extension of the liquid-liquid phase separation region to a higher polymer concentration. Therefore a bicontinuous cross-section structure was obtained when the PG/DPK mass ratio was 3/7 and the polymer concentration was 30 wt %. As an increase of the PG/DPK mass ratio, the tensile strength increased gradually at a fixed PVDF concentration. Moreover, for the same PG/DPK mass ratio, the cross-section microstructure changed from a bicontinuous or a cellular structure to a spherulitic structure, and the tensile strength increased drastically as the polymer concentration increased from 20 to 50 wt (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 3518-3523, 2010″
“Study Design. Retrospective case series.

Objective. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of prophylactic inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) to prevent pulmonary embolism (PE) in high risk patients undergoing major complex spinal surgery.

Summary of Background Data. PE has been reported to be the major cause of death after spinal reconstructive surgery.