The reflex responses were recorded using two surface electrodes located on the cheekbone overlaying the orbicularis oculi muscle, in line with the pupil in forward gaze, to record the response of the muscle. The EMG signal was then conducted to the recording equipment. The reference electrode was placed on the lateral surface

of the nose and a ground electrode was positioned at an electrically inactive site, such as the arm. The EMG amplitude of a single blink is rarely more than a few hundred microvolts; because of this, recording conditions learn more should improve the flow of current from the skin surface to the electrodes. Skin was prepared by removing makeup and dead skin cells, to reduce

any impedance between skin and electrode gel. After preparation of the skin, an EMG technician massaged a thin layer of electrode gel onto the recording site. selleck The electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve elicits two responses in the orbicularis oculi muscle: the early ipsilateral response, R1, and late bilateral responses, R2. The stimulus lasted for 0.1–0.2 ms and its intensity was set to a 100-microvolt/division and always under the pain threshold, in order to evoke R1 and R2 at the same time as avoiding any activation of nociceptive afferents. The EMG signals were amplified with a frequency response of 20 Hz to 3 kHz, which allowed for accurate analyses of short latency responses. The latency times for both the R1 and R2 were measured from the stimulus artifact to the initial response

of the orbicularis oculi muscle. The subjects had no auditory or visual pre-pulse stimulation. All subjects gave their informed consent for the experimental procedures, which were approved by the local ethics committee and conducted in accordance with regulations laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. The software used for all statistical evaluations was PASW 18.0.0 Statistics program (SPSS Inc., Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK Chicago, IL, USA). The mean ages of the patients with OAB and voiding symptoms were 57.31 ± 6.87 and 58.06 ± 6.2 years, respectively. There was no significant difference in the demographic and clinical data of the groups (Table 1). Early blink latency times were similar in both groups, bilaterally. All of the late blink latency times were significantly longer in patients with storage symptoms than among those with voiding symptoms (P < 0.05) (Table 2). Figure  2 represents the latency times for the patients with storage and voiding symptoms, with a 95% confidence interval (as darker bars) and range. This study found a strong association between increases in late blink reflex latency times (R2) and storage symptoms.

BLAST analysis of the blaOXA-23-like gene sequence showed a 100% match with sequences at the GenBank. BLAST analysis of the sequence of ISAba1 upstream of blaOXA-23 gene showed 99% similarity with related sequences in the GenBank. The sequences obtained in this study have been submitted to GenBank and assigned accession numbers (accession numbers FJ975151 to FJ975154). Resistance to meropenem was observed in 19 isolates of A. baumannii and 2 isolates of other Acinetobacter spp (Table 2). Among the A. baumannii, the majority of the isolates from the respiratory tract (8/15) and skin and soft tissues (8/11) were resistant to meropenem. Resistance was also seen in two isolates

from urine and one from blood. Other Acinetobacter spp. on the other hand were sensitive to the drug meropenem except for two strains isolated from skin and soft tissue (Table 2). Results of the test

for biofilm Silmitasertib mw forming ability are indicated in Table 2. Among the A. baumannii, 20.8% isolates (10/48) did not form any biofilm, while 77.1% (37/48) were moderate biofilm formers and one isolate formed a strong biofilm. In the case of the other Acinetobacter spp., 57.1% isolates (8/14) did not form biofilm, 35.7% (5/14) formed MLN8237 mouse moderate biofilm and one isolate was a strong biofilm former. To determine the genetic diversity among the A. baumannii isolates RAPD-PCR was performed. The RAPD-PCR yielded bands ranging from three to eleven, with a size range between 200 bp and 4 kbp. Cluster analysis of RAPD profiles revealed Calpain an extensive range of RAPD types among the 48 isolates collected from different hospitals (Fig. 3). Forty different RAPD types clustered into 14 groups designated A – N at 41% similarity with a discriminatory index of 0.908. Group C was the largest, containing 10 RAPD types and 11 isolates, followed by group B containing five RAPD types and six isolates. Groups D and L and groups A, G, and M contained four and three RAPD types each, respectively. Groups H, K, and N each had two RAPD types whereas the remaining groups E, F, J and I each

contained only one RAPD type. There were four isolates each in groups D and L and three isolates each in groups A, G and M. Group H, K and N each had two isolates while groups E, F, and J each had one isolate. Group I contained five isolates. In general, RAPD analysis showed that a genotypically heterogeneous group of A. baumannii isolates are prevalent in hospitals in Mangalore. There was some correlation between RAPD clusters generated, biofilm formation and sensitivity to the antibiotic meropenem. All strains in clusters E, F, H, K, L, M, N, I, J were observed to be biofilm formers Groups E, F, K, L, M, and N clustered isolates that were sensitive to meropenem and blaOXA-23 negative while groups I and J clustered only resistant strains that were blaOXA-23 positive. The other groups had mixed fingerprint types. There was no correlation between blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58 genes and RAPD types.