pylori eradication treatment [20]. In contrast, no significant differences were found in children who did not achieve successful eradication. A small randomized clinical trial from Japan demonstrated an improvement of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in adult patients treated with “rikkunshito” (i.e., a traditional Japanese medicine) compared to patients treated with domperidone [21]. The improvement of symptoms correlated with enhanced plasma ghrelin levels. Apart from the need for more trials on this topic, these findings may Small molecule library give

insights in the underlying pathophysiology of FD symptoms. Most guidelines recommend a test-and-treat strategy for H. pylori, especially in populations with a high H. pylori prevalence. However, the efficacy of this approach is limited, with a number to treat of 14 to achieve complete symptomatic response in one patient [22]. It is becoming more clear that the role of H. pylori infection in FD differs between Western and Asian populations. H. pylori infection and related diseases are more common in Asia, and therefore considered as the major differential diagnoses of FD [23]. Moreover, there is a trend of higher symptom response by H. pylori eradication treatment in Asian patients. Hence, particularly in these patients, exclusion PARP inhibitor of H. pylori infection is necessary

before diagnosing FD. As in the past, current studies do not always give support for this statement. Sodhi et al. found no effect of H. pylori eradication on FD symptoms [24]. In this trial from India, H. pylori-positive patients suffering from FD (Rome II criteria) were randomly allocated to triple therapy (n = 259) or PPI and placebo (n = 260) for 2 weeks. After a 12-month follow-up, no difference in symptom resolution was found between the triple therapy and placebo group (44 vs 37%, p = .13). It should be taken into account that despite the low eradication rate of 70%, all patients allocated to the triple therapy arm were included in the comparison, which may have influenced

the outcome. Helicobacter pylori is suggested to have not only MCE公司 pathogenic properties. Considered by some as a human commensal, H. pylori is thought to influence the development of the host immune system [25]. Changes in our microbiota affected by altered ecological circumstances might explain the increasing prevalence of atopic diseases like asthma and allergy. H. pylori is a specific component of the human microbiome. In this context, several epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship between H. pylori infection and asthma occurrence [26], but data are conflicting. Last year, two meta-analyses, both found a weak inverse association between asthma and H. pylori infection [27, 28]. One study included cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies [27].

With respect to the inefectivity of ITI in inducing a tolerance this website in as many as in 20–40% of inhibitor patients and the limitations of haemostatically ‘non-specific’

bypassing agents, inhibitors have been considered to be a most challenging complication of current haemophilia therapy [9]. To overcome the barriers to optimal treatment the current research is focused on the production of bioingeneered clotting factors with improved quality in terms of prolonged biological efficacy to obviate frequent administration, and reduced antigenicity/immunogenicity to mimize the inhibitor development [15]. Strategies being applied to FVIII include modifications of FVIII molecule such as the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers and polysialic acids and alternative formulation with PEG-modified liposomes [15]. The last aproach has been used to produce BAY 79-4980, which was proved to prolong the bleeding free period in the phase I studies [16]. The phase II study presently being Luminespib chemical structure carried out in 62 centres in 14 different countries

will provide important information on the long-term safety and efficacy of this new drug. [13]. Other strategies not yet in clinical trial include genetic modifications of FVIII to extend the half life 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 after infusion [17]. The research on longer-acting PEGylated recombinant factor VIIa (FVIIa) showed the ability to activate factor X on tissue factor expressing cells, while its uptake was reduced

[18]. Despite the ultimate cure of haemophilia by gene therapy has not been reached yet, significant progress has been made in this field. To cure haemophilia a long-term expression of donated gene is necessary. To achieve this goal the transgene may be introduced into a stem cells or into a long-lived postmitotic cell, such as muscle cells, nerve cells or hepatocytes. For the gene transfer several strategies have been studied, employing retroviral vectors, plasmid transfection of autologous fibroblasts, infusion of adenoviral vectors or adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors [19]. Promising results have been achieved with AAV vector delivery to the liver for factor IX (FIX), FVIII and FVIIa genes in animal models [20]. Continuous expression of therapeutic levels of bioingeneered FVIIa achieved by the gene transfer with AAV vector via portal vein in the haemophilic dogs promise an improved treatment for inhibitor patients obviating very short half life of recombinant FVIIa. It may offer an attractive alternative to haemostatic therapy also for non-inhibitor patients avoiding potential immunological challenges of FVIII gene therapy [20].

TLR4 is a receptor for PAMPs and DAMPs, and TLR4 deficient mice have

reduced liver injury in ASH models. Broad spectrum antibiotics almost normalized liver histology and transaminases, arguing for a very significant role for PAMPs.[34-36] The recent data showing a role for the microbiome in regulating liver disease also suggest that both PAMPs and DAMPs are present in the liver, and there is a relationship between Y-27632 price intestinal PAMPs and endogenous DAMPs.[37] Downstream of TLR4 the MyD88/NF-κB pathway does not have a significant role in ASH, but the TRIF/IRF3 pathway has a critical role through up-regulation of TNF-α.[38, 39] This points away from the inflammasome having a direct role in ASH as up-regulation of pro-IL-1β and other inflammasome components is via the MyD88/NF-κβ pathway.[40] Direct evidence supporting an inflammasome and IL-1β-mediated

pathway in ALD comes from studies showing that mice lacking caspase-1 or IL-1R have reduced steatosis and inflammation, and selleck chemical this was further supported by the ability of the IL-1R antagonist to duplicate this in wild-type mice.[41] Acute and chronic exposure to large amounts of alcohol has opposite results on inflammation. A single acute dose of alcohol significantly attenuates production of IL-1β and TNF-α.[42] In contrast exposure of monocytes to alcohol for more than four days was associated with augmented LPS-induced cytokine production.[42] This poses the question if the contrasting effects of acute and chronic alcohol on liver inflammation have any interactions with MCE公司 other inflammatory liver conditions. Elevations in serum TLR4 ligands have been demonstrated in rodent models, and in human NASH.[43]

In humans, there is also an elevation of free fatty acids, which have been reported to be ligands for TLR4.[44] Many aspects of NASH including histological score, hepatocyte apoptosis, ALT, and fibrogenic markers are reduced in mice lacking TLR4 and TLR9.[45-47] Furthermore, TLR9 is required for normal amounts of IL-1β production from Kupffer cells in NASH, which induces hepatocyte death and hepatic stellate cell activation. Crucially, IL-1β also induces lipid metabolism and hepatocyte steatosis. It was recently demonstrated that although IL-1β cannot induce cell death by itself, it sensitizes hepatocytes to signals from conventional cell death signals such as TNF-α.[45, 48] A direct role for the TLR adaptor protein MyD88 has been demonstrated in MCD model of NASH and results in up-regulation of the AIM2 inflammasome.[45] There was a requirement of MyD88 on bone marrow-derived cells suggesting along with other studies a central role of Kupffer cells in liver SI. The recent demonstration of an important role for the NLRP6 inflammasome in the colonic epithelium in regulating the microbiome was given surprising relevance in NASH.

1) that explained 18.3% of the variation and one on chromosome 6 (Necr_6.1) that explained

13.9% of the variation. Our results indicated that the identification of molecular markers linked to the QTLs could be further applied for marker-assisted selection (MAS) Apoptosis inhibitor of downy mildew resistance in cucumber. “
“Plant pathogenic phytoplasmas can infect hundreds of plant species and lead to enormous economic loss. To understand the interactions between phytoplasmas and their hosts, genome sequencing plays an important role. To date, ten phytoplasma genomes from five phylogenetic groups have been released. A comparative genomics analysis showed 170 common conserved genes existing in these ten genomes. see more Genes involved in translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis (75 genes) are the largest proportion. Interestingly, the predicted secreted proteins were not found in our core set, suggesting that these genes were diverse. In addition, a highly stringent strategy was taken to mine the group-specific genes among the five groups. Although the largest part was the hypothetical proteins, some putative secreted proteins (potential effectors) were identified. TENGU was selected

to be one of the 16SrI group-specific genes. This may partly account for the diverse pathogenicity in different 16Sr groups. In addition, our results revealed that Amp and Imp had great potentials of being group specific. Above all, based on the conserved genes, medchemexpress our results

provide new insights for the phytoplasma genome assembly, identification and functional genomics. “
“In young systemically infected leaves of Datura stramonium L., a severe strain of Potato virus X (PVX) accumulated to a lower degree than a mild strain. Infected leaves had increased protease and RNase activities in comparison with those of healthy controls. The highest hydrolase activities were found in leaves infected with the severe strain. Negative-staining electron microscopy of dips from the infected leaves indicated that PVX virions underwent destructive changes, which resulted in the appearance of abnormal (swollen and ‘thin’) particles. Immuno-electron microscopic assays showed that thin PVX particles, in contrast to those of normal diameter, lost the ability to bind with specific antiserum. The relative number of thin virions in leaves infected with the severe PVX strain was considerably higher than in leaves infected with the mild strain. This shows that a correlation exists between increased protease activity and intracellular destruction of virions. In abnormal virions, the viral RNA appears to be available for RNase attack. Therefore, it seems that high RNase activity together with increased generation of abnormal virions in the leaves infected with the severe strain promote inactivation of the viral RNA with RNase.

Phytosterol accumulation in PNAC does not result from a direct effect of LPS or phytosterols on hepatocytes, but instead involves both LPS- and phytosterol-mediated activation of macrophages with subsequent generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which suppress sterol transporter expression in hepatocytes promoting accumulation of cholestatic phytosterols. Disclosures: Ronald J. Sokol – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Yasoo Health, Inc., Ikaria,

Yasoo Health, Inc., Ikaria; Consulting: Roche, Roche; Grant/Research Support: Lumena The following people have nothing to disclose: Padade Vue, Aimee Anderson, Michael W. Devereaux, Natarajan Balasubramaniyan, Karim C. El Kasmi Introduction: The precise pathogenesis of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1) remains controversial, with impaired farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling being selleck kinase inhibitor a possibility. Selleckchem SAHA HDAC Our previous investigations suggested that 4-phenylbutyrate might rescue FXR signaling in G308V (Byler mutant) based PFIC1 (Hepatology 54: 88A). We investigated whether FXR-mediated

signaling is impaired in PFIC1 iPS-derived hepatocytes (iPS-H) and whether 4-Phenylbutyrate could affect FXRmediated signaling in PFIC1 iPS-H. Methods: iPSC lines were generated using a non-integrating plasmid reprogramming procedure. A control H1 human embryonic stem cell (H1 hESC) line, an iPS cell line from a control patient (control iPSC), and an iPS cell line generated from a patient with homozygous G308V PFIC1 (PFIC1 iPSC) were differentiated into hepatocytes. The expression of hepatocyte and FXR signaling molecules was assessed by qPCR. FXR-mediated activation of the human bile salt export pump (hBSEP) promoter with or without FXR ligands [100 µM chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and 5 uM GW4064] was measured

in control and PFIC1 iPS-H using a dual-luciferase reporter system. The effect of 2 mM 4-Phenylbutyrate on FXR-mediated signaling in PFIC1 iPS-H was also assessed. 上海皓元 Results: An iPSC line was successfully generated from a PFIC1 patient. Pluripotent marker expressions and teratoma formation of the PFIC1 iPSCs were comparable to H1 hESCs. FIC1, FXR, BSEP, SRB1, and βSTp were expressed in H1 hES control iPS-H, and PFIC1 iPS-H. FXR-mediated BSEP promoter activity was significantly increased after addition of FXR ligands in control iPS-H [CDCA 471 +/-32 (611%) and GW4064 370 +/-55 (480%) compared to control 77 +/-29 (100%)], and was comparable to that seen in primary human hepatocytes [CDCA 442 +-39 (396%) and GW4064 374 +/-48 (335%) compared to control 112 +/-17(100%)]. However, basal and FXR-mediated activation of BSEP promoter activity was limited in PFIC1 iPS-H [CDCA 17 +/-2 (133%) and GW4064 18 +/-2 (144%) compared to control 13 +/-3 (100%)]. Addition of 4-Phenylbutyrate to PFIC1 iPS-H increased basal BSEP promoter activity [82 +/-3 (1281%) compared to untreated cells 6.4 +/-0.

Several different types of amyloidosis exist, each defined by the identity of their respective fibril precursor protein. Methods: We experienced three cases of GI amyloidosis and examined the clinicopathological features. Results: [Case1] A 69-year old man was referred for ulceration of the terminal ileum. Ileal ulceration was improved later, but he was admitted because of tarry stool. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

(EGD) revealed the submucosal tumor with bleeding in the stomach. The tumor was covered with irregular Torin 1 cost surface mucosa. Endoscopic hemostatic method was performed, but he died suddenly. Pathological autopsy revealed amyloid deposition on the GI tract, liver, kidney and heart. He was diagnosed as primary amyloidosis and was thought to die by sudden cardiac arrest. [Case2] A 36-year old man was consulted for diarrhea. Total colonoscopy (TCS) revealed reddish mucosa and erosions in the colon. EGD revealed the edematous mucosa of the duodenum. Biopsy of the duodenum and colonic mucosa showed amyloid deposition. He was diagnosed as AL amyloidosis. Chemotherapy

was performed, but he died 13 months later for cardiac amyloidosis. [Case3] A 72-year old man was referred for continuous diarrhea. He was suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. EGD revealed the erythema and erosion in the stomach, the friable granular mucosa in the duodenum. TCS revealed the irregular surface mucosa in the transverse colon. Double balloon endoscopy revealed the fine granular mucosa and erosions in the jejunum. Biopsy specimens

of GI tract revealed AA amyloidosis. Conclusion: GI Enzalutamide amyloidosis shows various manifestations, including mucosal erosions and ulceration, malabsorption, hemorrhages, protein losing enteropathy and diarrhea. We should be aware of certain associations between patterns of amyloid and clinical and endoscopic features. Key Word(s): 1. amyloidosis; 2. amyloid; 3. GI tract; Presenting Author: TAO YU Additional Authors: XIAO-HUI MIN, QI-KUI CHEN Corresponding Author: TAO YU Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Objective: The proliferative change and intestinal barrier dysfunction in intestinal mucosa in rodent models of MCE公司 diabetes has been described in some researches. But the differentiation characteristics of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the mechanism in the IECs development and gut barrier dysfunction are still unclear. Methods: To evaluate the intestinal epithelial patterns and barrier function, the small intestinal structure, tight junction structure of IECs, and serum level of D-lactate were detected in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The differentiated abnormality and its mechanism were investigated by detecting the markers for intestinal cells and the Notch related signal genes (Msi1 and Notch1 pathway) in diabetic mice.

— In order to help physicians in the management of migraine in everyday general practice and assess whether the treatments that they are currently prescribing are actually effective, a VAS Crizotinib of treatment satisfaction with acute migraine treatments has been developed. Methods.— The study used an open-label, multicenter, prospective design. Adult patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for migraine and who consulted a participating hospital or community neurology clinic were eligible. At inclusion, patients rated their satisfaction with their current treatment on the VAS. Those scoring 7-10

(satisfied) on the VAS were allocated to the VASCO cohort, and those scoring 0-4 (dissatisfied) were switched to almotriptan and allocated to the ALMO cohort. Patients scoring between 4 and 7 were assigned to 1 or other cohort at the physician’s discretion. The VAS was re-administered at home the next day and also after the treatment of 3 further headaches, both at home and at a follow-up visit. Results.— Ninety-eight patients in the VASCO cohort and 102 in the ALMO cohort were analyzed. Stability was evaluated in the VASCO cohort:

55/98 patients initially satisfied with treatment remained so at study end, whereas 7/98 became dissatisfied. Responsiveness of the VAS to a change in treatment was evaluated in the ALMO cohort: 64/102 patients moved to a higher treatment satisfaction category, whereas 6/102 moved to a lower one. Reproducibility of the VAS was determined in 4 settings (both at the inclusion visit LBH589 and at study closure in both cohorts). In each setting, VAS scores were compared between consultation and at-home ratings. In 3 of the 4 settings (both measures in the ALMO cohort and at study closure in

the VASCO cohort), good agreement was observed between the 2 ratings (κ = 0.62-0.69). At inclusion in the VASCO cohort, agreement was only fair (κ = 0.33). Conclusions.— The VAS scale described here is a responsive and easy-to-use tool for evaluating treatment satisfaction and for monitoring changes to treatment if these are required. “
“In patients reporting acute headache after sneezing or coughing, rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is the first diagnosis to be considered. Sneezing, however, might also be a trigger for migraine attacks, 上海皓元 as exemplified in our case. We describe a patient who suffered 3 headache attacks after sneezing, each fulfilling criteria of migraine without aura. Sneezing as a specific trigger for migraine has not been described before. The differential diagnosis of acute headache after sneezing (eg, subarachnoid hemorrhage and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction), and the differences between migraine after sneezing and “benign cough headache” are discussed. We conclude that a pathophysiological association between migraine and sneezing might exist and hypothesize on underlying mechanisms. “
“The focus of this review is to review potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers associated with migraine.

Transfection of nonsusceptible human hepatoma cell lines with an expression plasmid of human NTCP rendered Huh-7 and HepG-2 cells permissive to infection with HBV and HDV. Furthermore, sequence swapping of nine amino acids in the NTCP taken from nonsusceptible monkeys with the corresponding sequence from the human form of this protein converted the monkey NTCP into a functional receptor for both viruses. These results have implications for the mouse

hepatocytes and other animal data presented by the Urban group cited above, and further studies are required to clarify these observations. The discovery of NTCP as a receptor for HBV and HDV is an important step Selleck Natural Product Library forward in our attempts to control and eliminate HBV/HDV, but there are some caveats. Transfection of Huh-7/Hep G-2 with NTCP did render them susceptible to HBV/HDV infection in vitro, but only 10% of the cell cultures

were positive, and the extracellular yield of virus and subviral particles was disappointingly low. This is in stark contrast to clinical HBV and HDV Omipalisib cell line infection, where nearly 100% of hepatocytes can be infected and the cells express extremely high titers of viral nucleic acids and proteins. As discussed by Schieck et al.,7 host components or conditions that permit efficient viral infection and replication or block any restriction factors in vivo have yet to be identified fully. Together, these landmark studies herald an exciting and vibrant new era in HBV virology, cell biology, and pathogenesis and should accelerate the discovery and development

of a new class of HBV and HDV inhibitors. Hopefully, the eradication of both viruses and the curing of patients will now become a very real possibility. “
“Hilar 上海皓元 cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) is one of the most common types of hepatobiliary cancers reported in the world including Asia–Pacific region. Early HCCA may be completely asymptomatic. When significant hilar obstruction develops, the patient presents with jaundice, pale stools, dark urine, pruritus, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever. Because no single test can establish the definite diagnosis then, a combination of many investigations such as tumor markers, tissue acquisition, computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography/intraductal ultrasonography, and advanced cholangioscopy is required. Surgery is the only curative treatment. Unfortunately, the majority of HCCA has a poor prognosis due to their advanced stage on presentation. Although there is no survival advantage, inoperable HCCA managed by palliative drainage may benefit from symptomatic improvement. Currently, there are three techniques of biliary drainage which include endoscopic, percutaneous, and surgical approaches. For nonsurgical approaches, stent is the most preferred device and there are two types of stents i.e. plastic and metal.

Notably, in cells treated with both GC7 and siEIF5A2 cell migration was almost completely abrogated (Fig. 4D), suggesting that hypusination is essential for EIF5A2 to exert its role in cell motility. Morphological changes were observed in EIF5A2 overexpressing LO2 cells, suggesting

that these cells may undergo EMT. LO2-Vec cells maintained highly organized cell-cell adhesion; however, when plated at the same cell density, LO2-EIF5A2 cells exhibited a cell scattering phenomenon and loss of cell-cell contact, accompanied by the spindle-shaped, fibroblastic morphology (Fig. 5A). To further demonstrate this phenotype in EIF5A2 overexpressing cells, western blot and IF analysis were carried out. In LO2-EIF5A2 cells, expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin decreased, whereas Microtubule Associated inhibitor the expression of α-catenin remained unaltered; on the other hand, all mesenchymal markers tested, including fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, and α-smooth muscle actin were elevated in LO2-EIF5A2 cells. These data reinforced that EIF5A2 overexpression may induce EMT (Fig. 5B,C). The western blotting results were confirmed by IF analysis (Fig. 5D). In particular, vimentin intermediate filaments localized in a concentrated

and polarized pattern in LO2-Vec cells; however, in LO2-EIF5A2 cells a network of vimentin intermediate filaments was clearly visible. In addition, the mesenchymal marker fibronectin was completely undetectable in LO2-Vec cells, whereas LO2-EIF5A2 cells showed positive staining of fibronectin in the cytoplasm. Taken together, Seliciclib these results medchemexpress strongly suggested that EMT may be activated by EIF5A2 overexpression. During tumor

invasion and metastasis, changes in Rho-GTPase activity will lead to subsequent reorganization of actin cytoskeleton, which in turn causes disruption of adherent junctions. Because LO2-EIF5A2 cells displayed morphological alterations, we further investigated whether EIF5A2 could modulate cytoskeleton rearrangement and activation of Rho-GTPase. F-actin staining revealed that stress fiber and lamellipodia were observed in LO2-EIF5A2 cells but not in control LO2-Vec cells (Fig. 6A). Conversely, EIF5A2 knockdown by siRNA resulted in loss of stress fiber in H2M cells (Fig. 6B). These findings suggested that the migratory phenotype induced by EIF5A2 may be associated with activation of Rho-GTPases. To test this possibility, pull-down assays were used to quantify the amount of the GTP-bound active form of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Despite a higher level of RhoA in control cells, the active form of RhoA could only be detected in LO2-EIF5A2 cells (Fig. 6C). Similarly, a higher level of active Rac1 was observed in LO2-EIF5A2 cells compared with LO2-Vec cells. Cdc42 was barely detectable in either LO2-Vec or LO2-EIF5A2 cells; no active form was observed (Fig. 6C).

The main axis is compressed cylindrical Rapamycin at the base, and flattened in other parts, with a conspicuous midrib. The branchlets are stipitate, narrower at the

base, broadest at the middle portion, and becoming tapered at the distal end. Young thalli have deciduous, trichothallic filaments, and the thalli are pseudoparenchymatous. Cells of the sporophytes are strongly acidic, and turn bluish green when immersed or soaked in fresh water, similar to D. ligulata, D. viridis, etc. (Sasaki et al. 2004). The thallus is composed of a large central axial cell surrounded by inner rhizoidal filaments, large, colorless medullary cells, and 1–2 layers of small, peripheral cells containing many discoid chloroplasts without pyrenoids. Unilocular zoidangia are conical, up to ~20 μm in height, embedded in the peripheral

layer of the entire thallus except for the basal part of the main axis and tips of the thalli. Unizoids are ~8 × 5 μm in size, containing a chloroplast with eyespot, and with longer anterior and shorter posterior flagella. Gametophytes are minute, uniseriate branched filaments, monoecious, and oogamous (Nakahara 1984). In Brittany, D. dudresnayi was found on rock in the shade beneath an underwater cliff (Le Paradis) and on a sublittoral reef (Ar Tourtu) at 20–25 m Opaganib mouse depth on three occasions in July and August 1999 and 2000. A total of four specimens were available for measurement. The holdfast was smooth and conical with a diameter of 1–3 mm, the stipe was terete, 1.5–3 cm in length, and the blades had smooth margins. The phylloid of the individual collected on July 18, 1999 (Fig. 2a) was 28 cm

in length and 6 cm in width. The three other individuals had blades of 20 cm length (apex eroded) and 8 cm width (Fig. 2b), 38 cm length and 9 cm width, and 30 cm length and 10.5 cm width (not illustrated). The MCE公司 specimen with the eroded apex had a pair of eroded laterals, the others were unbranched. The less eroded of the laterals was 12 cm in length and 5 cm in width. The connections of the laterals to the main blade were not terete like the stipe but flat and 4–5 mm wide. The central vein was distinct in the main blades of all specimens, but lateral veins were obvious only in one individual (Fig. 2b). They branched off at an angle of less than 90° and were bifurcated toward the margin. In Galicia, D. dudresnayi was growing on a substratum of maërl, pebbles, and broken shells, near the central channel of the Ría de Arousa (Bàrbara et al. 2004). Collections for the present work were made at 13–15 m depth in September 1997, with two specimens measured. They had narrow terete stipes of 1.5 cm length, and in one a conical holdfast of 4 mm diameter was present. The blade of the first specimen was distally eroded, unbranched, 44 cm in length and 17 cm in width, the blade of the second individual was 61 cm in length and 23 cm in width. It had a single lateral of 9.