Statistical differences in this measurement were evaluated by paired, two-tailed t-test across the four animals used for lung deposition imaging. 3. Results 3.1. Precisely Engineered Particles Containing Pharmaceutically Relevant Components To illustrate the delivery of relevant therapeutic compounds to the respiratory tract, we fabricated particles with independent control of particle size, shape, and composition. An array of SEM micrographs is shown in Figure 2 highlighting PRINT’s versatility: BSA/lactose blend 200 × 200nm cylinders (Figure 2(a)); IgG/lactose blend 10μm “pollen” (Figure 2(b)); poly-lactic-co-glycolic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical acid (PLGA, Mw 30K) 3μm cylinders (Figure 2(c)); itraconazole (marketed

as Sporanox for treatment of fungal infection) molded

into 1.5μm, 3μm, and 6μm torus particles (Figures 2(d)–2(f)); 1.5μm torus particles comprised of pharmaceutically relevant compounds including TGF-beta inhibitor zanamivir (marketed as Relenza for treatment of influenza) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (Figure 2(g)); bovine DNase (recombinant human DNase Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is marketed as Pulmozyme for treatment of cystic fibrosis) (Figure 2(h)); siRNA (Dharmacon) (Figure 2(i)). The “pollen” shape in Figure 2(b) is a biomimetic design, based on the shape of the pollen Eperua schomburgkiana. Figure 2 SEM micrographs of diverse PRINT aerosols. (a) BSA/Lactose 200 × 200nm cylinders; (b) IgG/Lactose10μm pollen; (c) 30K PLGA 3μm cylinders; (d) itraconazole 1.5μm torus; (e) itraconazole … In order to confirm that the PRINT particle fabrication process used to generate engineered aerosols did not alter the chemical structure of pharmaceutical compounds, analytical tests were performed to determine the compound integrity

following fabrication as compared to the unprocessed or reference Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical compound. Purity of compounds in PRINT particles relative to unprocessed or reference compound was measured to be 99.6% for itraconazole (RP-HPLC), 100% for zanamivir (HILIC-HPLC), 99.2% for siRNA (SAX-HPLC), and 99.0% for DNase (SEC). Additionally, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical IC50 in DNA-Methyl Green assay yielded Rolziracetam DNase IC50 values for reference DNase (Worthington) and PRINT-DNase of 26.5 and 18.8Kunitz units/mL, respectively, indicating that PRINT particle fabrication does not alter DNase bioactivity. 3.2. Aerodynamic Characteristics of PRINT Aerosols Physical characterization of PRINT aerosols confirmed the ability to produce highly dispersible aerosols with controllable and narrow aerodynamic size distributions. Figure 3(a) demonstrates the capability to tune particle aerodynamic size on the basis of particle design. We fabricated torus particles with geometric sizes 1.5μm, 3μm, and 6μm torus and measured their aerodynamic characteristics using a time-of-flight aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). For these particles, porogen was added to the formulation, then subsequently removed to produce porous particles.

They found that low SHRQ subjects had more anxiety prior to the stress, but also received greater

benefit from the humorous audiotape than the high SHRQ subjects. Both humor appreciation and humor generation are aspects of what we consider to be a “sense of humor,” but the latter has been shown to be more strongly associated with effective coping.76 The ability to see humor in a situation and create distance may be key to the coping mechanism, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as discussed previously. In an experiment by Newman and Stone,82 subjects were split by trait (high or low humor) and instructed to watch a soundless stressful video and generate their own narrative, either humorous or serious (control). Although “high trait” subjects had an easier time in generating their humorous narrative, “low trait” subjects experienced the same physiological benefits from the humorous passage versus the serious. The authors concluded that humor generation may be a highly effective coping strategy and is not Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical limited only to those individuals who seem naturally to be “more humorous,” but may be taught. Selleckchem 3-MA Finally, while this evidence points towards humor as an effective

coping strategy for some people, it should be noted that the evidence is not unequivocal that humor makes one Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical healthier overall. Preliminary studies have shown that while people with a greater “sense of humor” have a greater subjective satisfaction with their health, they are not healthier per se.93 In fact a 3-year Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical follow-up study of the Finnish police officers found that those with a greater sense of humor (measured

by MSHS) were more obese and smoked more than those without.94 However, it is also possible that many of these early studies did not take into account the subtleties of humor, and different styles of humor may be correlated with different levels of emotional well-being. As mentioned previously, this ambiguity was some of the impetus behind the more recent development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire, in an attempt to overcome these problems. Preliminary results indicate that it may be important to choose “healthy” Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical styles of humor that promote positive affect, and that results should be closely monitored.79 It also should be noted that humor is being used as part of psychotherapy, for example in the management of depression.95,96 However, it is not clear whether the humor used needs to be condition-specific. Parsley / is gharsley. (Ogden Nash (1902–1971): second Further Reflections on Parsley; 1942) Hypothesis: The Humor Diet? Combining these two seemingly disparate fields, we hypothesize that because both emotional eating and humor are intricately related to stress, they may affect each other. Figure 1 provides a diagram demonstrating a simplified mechanism of the hypothesized relationships between these fields, including a model of humor as an alternate pathway to reducing stress.