This is due mainly to the easterly exposure of the Swedish coasts in relation to the trajectories of low pressure systems. The two storm events on 15–16.11.2001 and 8–9.01.2005, showing the various types of short-term changes in the surface topography of the Baltic Sea level, have been chosen in the last part of the paper. Table 5 contains data describing the features of the low pressure systems, recorded sea levels, as well as the static and dynamic deformations of the sea surface, calculated using formulae (3) and (4). The static surge would be

reliable for the Baltic for a low pressure Doramapimod centre if this were stationary. The dynamic sea surface deformation ought to characterise the actual effect of the depression on the sea level near coasts, but it does not involve so-called shallow water factors, such as friction, the energy dissipation rate in the outer port and the roads. The mathematical expression of such factors has yet to be developed for storm events. The world literature contains only shallow-water factors for tides, i.e. regular, periodic sea level changes. This swaying surface of the Baltic Sea was created by the impact of a deep

low-pressure system area that moved quickly from Greenland to the Norwegian Sea on 14 November 2001 (Figures 7a,b). On 15 November 2001, this depression passed at a speed of 63 km h− 1 through central Scandinavia and the northern Baltic Sea (Figure 7c), Selleck Rucaparib causing a rapid decrease in the sea level at the gauge stations in the western and southern Baltic (− 150 cm Selleckchem Vorinostat – Skänor, − 118 cm – Gedser, − 122 cm – Kiel, − 74 cm – Świnoujście) (Figure 8). At the same time, sea levels rose rapidly at gauge stations in the Gulf of Riga (+ 171 cm – Pärnu), Gulf of Finland (+ 161 cm – Hamina) and Gulf of Bothnia (+ 102 cm – Kemi) (Figures 8, 9a,b). On 16 November 2001, a

change in the deformation phase of the Baltic Sea surface occurred. The high water levels of 15 November occurring so far on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea turned into negative water levels (− 50 cm – Hamina, − 36 cm – Kemi). Simultaneously, in the western Baltic and the Danish Straits, sea levels increased above 1 m (+ 126 cm – Skänor, + 113 cm – Gedser and + 121 cm – Kiel) (Figures 8, 9c,d). These dynamic changes in the Baltic Sea surface and the extreme amplitudes of the water level fluctuations in one day cannot be explained only by wind field characteristics (wind speed and direction in Figure 8). Negative pressure within the depression (974 hPa), which quickly moved across the Baltic Sea, also contributed to the creation of this hydrological situation (sea surface deformation). An example of the impact of a family of atmospheric low-pressure systems with the dominant mid-latitude depression Gudrun (Erwin) on water levels in the Baltic Sea.