“
“Plant proteases, enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, participate in several biological processes, including mobilisation of storage proteins, degradation of light-damaged chloroplast proteins, defense against phytopathogen attack, tissue differentiation, and floral senescence (Estelle, 2001). Different industrial processes utilise proteases such as papain, bromelain, and ficin, and new enzymes with appealing physicochemical properties have been investigated for that purpose (Feijoo-Siota & Villa,

2001). Clotting of milk is a result of the action of proteases that Tenofovir destabilize casein micelles, which are particles present in fresh milk dispersed in a continuous phase comprising water, salt, lactose and whey proteins (Kruif, 1999). The caseins αs and β are localised within the micelle, whose structure is maintained in solution by the κ-casein hydrophilic domain (Lo Piero, Puglisi, & Petrone, 2002). The hydrolysis of κ-casein results in the collapse of micelles

and exposure of αs- and β-caseins to calcium, leading to separation of milk into a solid (clot or curd) and liquid (whey) phases (Abreu, 2005). In cheese production, milk-clotting by calf rennet is the procedure most commonly used. However, the low supply of calf rennet and the incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy are incentives in the search for enzymes from microorganisms and plants (Ahmed et al., 2009, Barbano and Rasmussen, 1992, Cavalcanti et al., 2004 and Shieh et al., 2009). An early study showed that the cheese produced selleck using extract from Calotropis procera leaves was harder, less cohesive and gummier than that obtained using acidic pH as clotting agent ( Aworh & Muller, 1987). Bruno, Lazza, Errasti, López, Caffini, and Pardo (2010) reported that the cheese produced using extract from Bromelia hieronymi fruits was acceptable in appearance, body, texture, and flavour. The Albizia julibrissin seed extract was also used as milk-clotting agent, and the resulting

cheese did not develop bitterness after three months of ripening ( Otani, Matsumori, & Hosono, 1991). Extract from Cynara cardunculus flowers containing proteases (cyprosins) is traditionally used MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit in artisanal production of cheeses, and the recombinant form of cyprosin B is available for large-scale use ( Sampaio, Fortes, Cabral, Pais, & Fonseca, 2008). Milk-clotting activities from plant preparations have been associated with serine and aspartic proteases. A serine protease of Cucumis melo fruit exhibited a more stable milk-clotting activity, when compared to that of papain ( Uchikoba & Kaneda, 1996). Additionally, it has been reported that a serine protease from Lactuca sativa leaves promoted clotting of skim milk as well as of milk with different fat contents ( Lo Piero et al.