However, impairments on tasks of executive function that involve the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been rarely examined for the prenatal infection model. Hence, we investigated the effects G418 order of acute prenatal injection of PolyI:C

(4.0 mg/kg, i.v., gestational day 15) on strategy set-shifting and reversal learning in an operant-based task. Our results show male, but not female, PolyI:C-treated adult offspring require more trials to reach criterion and perseverate during set-shifting. An opposite pattern was seen on the reversal day where the PolyI:C-treated male rats made fewer regressive errors. Females took more pre-training days and were slower to PI3K inhibitor respond during the trials

when compared to males regardless of prenatal treatment. The present findings validate the utility of the prenatal infection model for examining alterations of executive function, one of the most prominent cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Schizophrenia’. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Pressure is a thermodynamic parameter whose unique effects on biological systems are increasingly being studied in a growing number of scientific fields. As such, the effects of high pressure are currently being investigated at different levels, ranging from proteins, enzymes and viruses to microorganisms, mammalian cells and tissues. Together with the steadily growing knowledge and understanding of high pressure effects on these increasingly complex systems, the purposeful use of high pressure has found several unique applications in bioscience over the past few years, including the disaggregation of proteins, the preparation

of viral vaccines and the modulation of food functionality. In this review, recent and emerging applications of high pressure in biotechnology are presented and discussed.”
“Comparative Buspirone HCl studies are needed to determine whether the cognitive impairments found in various psychiatric disorders are specific to those disorders, or are a more universal consequence of mental illness. This study compares the patterns of cognitive dysfunction in two conditions characterized by working memory dysfunction, schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three matched groups (Schizophrenia, PTSD, Control) of 16 subjects had event related potentials recorded, using a 27 electrode array, while they performed a working memory auditory target detection task. Both disorders were associated with impaired task performance, with greater impairment in schizophrenia. Reduction in N1 amplitude was found only in schizophrenia, and an increase in target N2 amplitude and latency was found only in PTSD.