If IMD and or Toll like pathways are branched over the coleoptericin A synthesis pathway remains to be clarified from even further investigations. Eventually, when IMD and Toll like pathways seem to be activated during the bacteriocyte, it really is doable the inhi bition of signal transduction by gene regulators is involved. As an illustration, wpgrp1 and tollip genes are very good regulator candidates and so they could play a important purpose on this inhibition, Recently, Ryu et al. have reported that the Drosophila homeobox gene caudal also regulates the commensal gut bacteria by repressing the nuclear element Kappa B dependent AMP genes. Ongoing RNAi experiments will produce a lot more informa tion regarding the function along with the regulation of those path options inside the Sitophilus program.
The large accumulation of transcripts from Rab7, Hrs and SNARE genes may very well be viewed as staying because of extreme endosomal trafficking inside of the bacteriocyte. These genes are undoubtedly get more information incredibly concerned in vesicle synth esis and fusion, Furthermore, extreme vesicle traf ficking has already been observed by electronic microscopy within Sitophilus bacteriocytes, Vesicle trafficking may aid in metabolic part exchanges involving the host as well as symbiont, or it might assistance in endosome fusion, with late endosomes and lysozomes, to favor autophagy. To the latter, we can speculate about the possibility that autophagy could serve as an additional host mechanism to manage symbiont density.
In help of this hypothesis, in silico cDNA compari son amongst symbiont complete and symbiont zero cost ovaries has shown that vesicle trafficking can also be tremendously repre sented in the presence of Wolbachia inside the isopod Armadillidium vulgare, In addition, receptors of innate immunity are actually identified on vertebrate endosome membranes and going here autophagy has become described like a feasible signifies of getting rid of intracellu lar pathogens, To permanently sequester the endosymbiont inside of the bacteriome, and to refrain from bacterial invasion into insect tissues, bacteriocyte cells desire to sustain dwelling ostasis and to survive during insect developmental stages. Although apoptosis has become observed as a response to infection by a broad assortment of animal and plant patho gens, quite constrained data are available on inverte brate symbiotic techniques, To tackle this question while in the Sitophilus system, we have now analyzed genes poten tially concerned in apoptosis inhibition and apoptosis execution, We now have shown the large expression of apoptosis inhibitor genes paralleled the very low level of caspase like gene tran scripts within the bacteriome. Furthermore for the upregula tion of genes involved in cell development, this kind of as Ras and leonardo 14 3 3, these preliminary information suggest that weevil bacteriocytes manage to survive an endosymbiont infection by inhibiting the apoptosis pathway.