Voxels with a probability of 0.2 of containing CSF in any of the subjects were excluded from the non-CSF mask, which was applied to the statistical maps as an explicit mask. In that way, areas of partial volumes, such as those surrounding the ventricles and the borders around the cortex, were masked out. The sequential Hochberg correction (Hochberg, 1988) was used to correct for multiple comparisons. This procedure uses a step-up ranking of the p values and TGF-beta inhibitor review then corrects for the p value threshold by dividing it by the rank

of the comparison. A voxel was considered significant only if it exceeded the corrected statistical threshold (p < 0.05). The statistical parametric maps are superimposed on a template T1 image, providing an anatomical informative reference. In addition, for the learning group, we performed a mixed-design ANOVA of 2 × 2 (gender × scan time) with repeated measures on the second factor. This design allowed selleck chemicals us, by observing the interaction effect, to identify voxels that were changed differently over time for the males and females in the learning group. The authors wish to thank the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Insitute for Biophysics, the Israel Science Foundation, and the Strauss Center for Computational Neuroimaging of Tel Aviv University for the purchase and maintenance of the 7T MRI system. Y.A. wishes to thank the Israel Science Foundation (ISF

grant 994/08), and Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Programme within the Seventh Framework Programme for Research of the European Commission (FET-Open, “CONNECT” project), grant 238292. “
“Dementia is estimated to affect 25 million people worldwide, of whom 30%–70% have Alzheimer’s

disease (AD) and 10% frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Neuropathological evidence points to a neuronal/synaptic poliencephalopathy (Braak et al., 2000), with the disease beginning in the gray matter with accumulation of misfolded beta amyloid and/or tau protein and progressing along either extant fiber pathways via secondary Wallerian degeneration, disconnection, and loss of signaling, axonal reaction, and postsynaptic dendrite retraction ( Seeley et al., 2009). Atrophy patterns captured from longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ( Apostolova et al., 2007 and Thompson et al., 2003) via segmentation, atlas-based parcellation ( Wu et al., 2007), and volumetric analysis (e.g., FreeSurfer [ Fischl et al., 2002], FMRIB Software Library [FSL] [ Smith et al., 2004], and statistical parametric mapping [SPM] [ Klauschen et al., 2009]) indicate that progression occurs along vulnerable fiber pathways rather than by proximity ( Villain et al., 2008, Englund et al., 1988 and Kuczynski et al., 2010). This view is supported by recent studies showing alterations in brain networks due to neurodegeneration ( He et al., 2008 and Lo et al., 2010).