To overcome this limitation, we hypothesized that there would be

To overcome this limitation, we hypothesized that there would be an increase in pro-inflammatory intraepithelial T-cells in the graft compared with native

airway during acute rejection.

METHODS: Bronchial brushings from patients with stable graft function, evidence of acute rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, infection, and healthy controls were stimulated and pro-inflammatory cytokines in intraepithelial T cells from graft and native airway were determined using multiparameter flow cytometry.

RESULTS: There was a significant increase in intraepithelial T-cell interferon-gamma and tumor Selleck CT99021 necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the graft of patients with acute rejection compared with intraepithelial T cells obtained from the native airway, but check details no changes were noted among other patient groups. The increase in intraepithelial T-cell TNF-alpha was more

pronounced the higher the acute rejection grade.

CONCLUSIONS: The graft airway epithelium is enriched with T cells producing interferon-gamma and TNF-a during acute graft rejection. Therapeutic targeting of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and improved monitoring using this assay may reduce acute lung transplant rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:538-44 (C) 2012 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“Study Design. Review of a prospectively collected growing rod database.

Objective. To define risk factors for and characterize the nature of growing rod fractures.

Summary of Background Data. Rod fracture is a common complication CCI-779 mouse of growing rod treatment. The project sought to analyze risk factors for rod breakage and develop preventive strategies.

Methods. Records of 327 patients in a prospectively collected growing rod database

were studied. Risk factors studied were studied as patient-related and rod-related. Multivariate analysis was performed.

Results. Eighty-six rod fractures occurred in 49 patients (49 of 327, 15%). Sixteen patients had repeat fractures with eight patients having more than two fractures (maximum six). The most common fracture locations were above or below the tandem connectors (34 of 86) and near the thoracolumbar junction (35 of 86). Other locations were adjacent to anchors (12 of 86) and cross-links (2 of 86). Syndromic diagnoses had the highest rate of fracture; significantly greater than neuromuscular diagnoses (14% vs. 2%, P = 0.01). Patients who were ambulatory had a higher fracture rate (21% vs. 8.7%, P = 0.01). Single rods had a higher fracture rate than dual rods (36% vs. 11%, P < 0.001). Repeat fracture was also more common in patients with single rods (13% vs. 2%, P = 0.0002). In dual-rod constructs, the incidence of both rods breaking at the same time was 26% (7 of 27). Stainless steel rods had a higher fracture rate than titanium rods (29% vs. 18%, P = 0.02). The nonfracture group had larger diameter rods than the fracture group (P = 0.01).

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