To further investigate the immunomodulatory potential of DX5+CD4+ T cells, we now examined their effects on DC maturation and their ability to instruct DCs to modulate the outcome of T-cell responses. To this end, we first

incubated DX5+CD4+ T cells, which were isolated from mice that have received three injections with immature DCs [18, 19, 21, 22] with fresh bone marrow-derived DCs from naïve animals. Interestingly, we observed that DCs matured with LPS for 2 days in the presence of DX5+CD4+ T cells produced significantly less IL-12 p40 as compared to DCs cultured in the absence of these T cells. In contrast, DCs cultured in the presence of DX5−CD4+ T cells maintained their IL-12 production (Fig. 1A). These data indicate that DX5+CD4+ T cells can modulate the activation of DCs by inhibiting their IL-12 production. To assess whether cell–cell contact or a soluble factor is responsible for the Osimertinib mw suppression of IL-12 production, we next collected supernatant of either DX5+CD4+ or DX5−CD4+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 3 days. Addition of this supernatant to fresh DCs cultures

revealed that DX5+CD4+ T-cell supernatant, but not supernatant from DX5−CD4+ T cells, reduced the production of IL-12 Midostaurin price by DCs (Fig. 1B). Together, these data indicate that a soluble factor derived from DX5+CD4+ T cells can functionally modulate DCs by inhibiting IL-12 production. To explore the possibility that DX5+CD4+ T cells also modulate the cell-surface expression of molecules involved in T-cell activation, we next analyzed the expression of various surface molecules (PDL-1, PDL-2, CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHC class II) on DCs after culture with the supernatant of DX5+CD4+ T cells. The data show that

the supernatant of DX5+CD4+ T cells cultures is able to enhance the expression levels of the inhibitory molecules PDL-1 and PDL-2 on the surface of DCs. Likewise, the expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHC class II was also increased after incubation of DCs with DX5+CD4+ supernatant (Fig. 2 and Supporting Information Resveratrol Fig. 2). These effects were not observed when DCs were cultured with DX5−CD4+ supernatant or were left in medium alone. These data show that phenotypic changes of DCs installed by CD4+DX5+ T cells are caused by (a) soluble factor(s) secreted by DX5+CD4+ T cells. Together, these data demonstrate the ability of DX5+CD4+ T cells to modulate the expression of cell surface molecules on DCs and cytokine production by DCs that are involved in setting the outcome of T-cell responses. We next wished to identify the soluble factor responsible for the suppression of IL-12 production. To this end, we used the results of the analysis of cytokine production of DX5+CD4+ T cells as published recently [19, 21]. Of the cytokines produced by DX5+CD4+ T cells, especially IL-4 and IL-10 [19, 21] (Supporting Information Fig.