This defoliating insect pest affects the yield of various

This defoliating insect pest affects the yield of various

cultivated crops, vegetables, weeds and ornamental plants by feeding gregariously on leaves and causes large economic losses of crop plants. It was reported as a major pest in groundnut in Andhra Pradesh, India and caused 28–100% yield loss depending upon crop stage and its level of FG-4592 datasheet infestation [5,6]. The management of S. litura to ensure the stable and high output of crops is a great challenge in agricultural field and therefore, insecticide use is most widely practiced for its control. However, there is widespread concern over negative impact of insecticides Elafibranor mouse on environmental and human health due to accumulation of insecticide

residues as well as emergence of pesticide resistance in the pests [7]. Application of chemical pesticides also kills different varieties of pest predators and results in ecological imbalance, thereby causing pest resurgence and a greater outbreak of secondary pests [8]. Therefore, there is a need for developing safe and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides for pest control. Biological control as a part of integrated pest management has gained interest among researchers as it is an environmentally friendly and a safe strategy for pest management [9]. Natural products obtained from plants

and microorganisms have been used for insect control [10]. Azadirachtin (complex limonoids), Atorvastatin a natural compound isolated from Indian neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), is known to have lethal effects on more than 400 insect species [11] and many workers have used azadirachtin as positive control [12–14]. Recently, microbial insecticides have attracted considerable attention [15] because they are more specific, have low relative cost and are more eco-friendly [16–18]. Among the biological control agents derived from different microbes, actinobacteria especially Streptomyces spp. are one of the most important microbial resources which can provide MK-4827 potential new bioactive compounds for use as insect-control agents [19]. Many reports indicated the important role played by actinobacteria in the management of Spodopetra littoralis (Biosduval) [20], S. litura [21], Musca domestica (Linnaeus) [22], Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) [23], Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) [24], Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) [25], Anopheles mosquito larvae [26]. Bream et al. [20] showed potent biological activity of secondary metabolites of actinobacteria such as Streptomyces and Streptoverticillum against S. littoralis which caused larval and pupal mortality.

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