This chronic disease can lead to gait disturbances and falls which cause an important reduction of the quality of life. Gait in PD patients is characterized by a reduction in step length and velocity, decreased angular displacement and velocity of lower and upper limbs, high variability of step timing, poor bilateral coordination and asymmetric leg function [3]. A prospective 20-year follow-up of PD patients reported a high prevalence of falls (87%) and fractures (35%) [4]. The pathophysiology of falls in PD is complex and multifactorial. Falls occurring in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease can be related to a particular paroxysmal symptom called freezing of gait (FOG). FOG is defined by Nieuwboer and Giladi [5] as ��an episodic inability (lasting seconds) to generate effective stepping in the absence of any known cause other than Parkinsonism or high-level gait disorders��.

It can occur during initiation of the first step, turning [6], dual tasks, walking through narrow spaces, reaching destinations or passing through doorways [7,8]. FOG episodes are more often brief (1�C2 s), but can also last 10 s. They are reported by the patient as a subjective feeling of ��the feet being glued to the ground��. Festination while walking, another symptom of Parkinsonism, is defined clinically as a tendency to move forward with increasingly rapid, but ever smaller steps, associated with the center of gravity falling forward over the stepping feet [9]. The relation between festination and FOG is an important issue, which is not always well described in the literature.

Focused attention and external stimuli (cues) can help to overcome a FOG episode [10]. It is well known from clinicians and patients that auditory rhythmic stimulation or visual marks on the ground improve dramatically gait in patients with FOG. This sensibility to cueing has led some teams to develop mobility aid devices: cane with a laser light visual cue or visual auditory walker [11,12].Clinical assessment of FOG episodes remains difficult and the impact on the daily life is generally assessed with validated questionnaires [8,13]. In the majority of the studies, a careful quantification of gait abnormalities is performed with various movement assessment techniques. They have been especially used to demonstrate the impact of cueing on gait characteristics [14].

However, large rehabilitation programs have failed to confirm a long lasting effect. Functional Electrical Stimulation Dacomitinib (FES) has also been tested and preliminary results show FOG reduction observed during FES-assisted gait of PD patients [15,16].Clinical evaluation of video recordings of patients by one to three observers is the gold standard to identify FOG events [17]. The evaluation of clinical effects of the treatments would benefit from objective, standardized FOG measures [18].