Therefore, the present results support previous findings that surface-displayed ApxIIA#5 expressed on CP-673451 S. cerevisiae helps to improve mucosal immune response. The ApxIIA-specific IgG2a subclass was significantly higher in sera of the vaccinated

group than in those of the control groups. Although specific IL-4 cytokine-producing cells were considerably more numerous in the SP of the vaccinated group, specific IFN-γ-producing cells were the predominant cells produced in the LP and the SP of the vaccinated group. Consequently, the preponderance of IFN-γ responses and the ApxIIA-specific IgG2a subclass indicated the induction of a Th1-type immune response. The lymphocyte population in the PP is composed of 80% B cells and 18% T cells, and the LP lymphocyte population is composed of 60% T cells and 32% B cells [25]. We found increased numbers of IgG- and IgA-secreting cells and IFN-γ-producing cells predominantly in the PP and the LP, respectively. These results suggest

Dinaciclib cost that oral administration of surface-displayed ApxIIA#5 expressed on S. cerevisiae induces both systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice. Thus, the results of this study contribute to the application of S. cerevisiae as a live oral vaccine that has been engineered by yeast cell-surface display techniques. This study was supported by ARPC (107034-03), the BioGreen 21 Program (PJ007044), the BK21 Program for Veterinary Science and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Miconazole Korea. All the authors have no conflicts of interest. “
“Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite, Leishmania, that parasitizes human cells, and the cellular immune response is essential for controlling infection. In order to measure the host T cell response to Leishmania infection, we have measured the expansion, activation state and functional potential of specific

T cells as identified by their T cell receptor Vβ region expression. In a group of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients, we evaluated these characteristics in nine different T cell subpopulations as identified by their Vβ region expression, before and after specific Leishmania antigen stimulation. Our results show: (1) an increase in CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2 and Vβ 24 in CL compared to controls; (2) a Leishmania antigen-induced increase in CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2, 11, 12 and 17; (3) a profile of previous activation of CD4+ Vβ 5·2-, 11- and 24-positive T cells, with higher expression of CD45RO, HLA-DR, interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 compared to other Vβ-expressing subpopulations; (4) a positive correlation between higher frequencies of CD4+Vβ5·2+ T cells and larger lesions; and (5) biased homing of CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2 to the lesion site.