The reaction was carried out in a total volume of 100 μl at 15 °C for 2 h. Blunt ends were generated with T4 DNA polymerase (12.5 U) (Fermentas) at 15 °C for 5 min. The reaction was terminated with 0.5 M EDTA. The cDNA was Veliparib subsequently

purified with QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). The quantity and quality of the extracted cDNA were analyzed using ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and by agarose gel electrophoresis. The cDNA was stored at -20 °C until use. Pyrosequencing was carried out at LGC Genomics (LGC Genomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany). All sequencing reactions were based on FLX Titanium chemistry (Roche/454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT, USA) according to the manufacturers’ protocols. Briefly, cDNA from total RNA and from mRNA-enriched samples were checked for quality on 2% agarose gels. 0.5 μg Selleck Bortezomib of each sample was used for the sequencing libraries. As a minor modification, size-selection of the fragments was omitted. The fragments were subjected to end repair and polishing. An extra adenine was added to the fragments’ ends and the Roche Rapid Library adaptors were ligated to the fragments as described in the Roche Rapid Library Preparation Manual for GS FLX Titanium Series (version of October 2009, Rev. Jan. 2010). After subsequent

emulsion PCR, the fragment libraries were processed and sequenced according to the Roche protocols. The resulting sequences were processed using the standard Roche software for base calling, and adaptor and quality trimming (Genome Sequencer FLX System Software Manual version 2.3). Each cDNA sample obtained from non-enriched total RNA was sequenced on 1/8th of a 454 picotiter plate (PTP), whereas a full PTP was used for cDNA from enriched mRNA samples. The sequencing statistics are summarized Supplementary Table S1. All sequences were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) BCKDHA with study accession numbers ERP004166. Metagenomic DNA as well as 16S rRNA gene pyrotags were sequenced as described previously (Teeling et al., 2012). For pyrotags, two distinct PCR reactions were sequenced per sample on 1/8th of a PTP

(Klindworth et al., 2013). These sequences have been deposited at the ENA with the accession number ERP001031 and ERP004166. The sequence associated contextual (meta)data are MIxS compliant (Yilmaz et al., 2011). Illumina sequencing was carried out at LGC Genomics. Libraries were generated using the Illumina TruSeq DNA sample preparation kit (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, USA). In brief, cDNA samples were end-polished and the TruSeq adaptors were ligated. Sequences were size-separated on an agarose gel, and the band ranging from 250 bp to 350 bp was excised and purified using the MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). Library concentration was measured using the Qubit 2.0 fluorometer (Life Technologies) and the Agilent Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany).