The majority of participants were male (73%) with a median age of 44.5 years (IQR 39.5–49.6 years). One hundred

and twenty persons (13%) self-identified as being of aboriginal ethnicity (First Nations or Metis). The proportion Cabozantinib datasheet of aboriginal participants varied regionally and was much higher in British Columbia (33%), Alberta (21%) and Ontario (14%) compared with Quebec (1.5%). Aboriginals were more likely to be female compared with non-aboriginals (52% vs. 22%, respectively; P < 0.001). Most participants were living below the poverty line (76% with a gross monthly income < CDN$1500) and only 13% had achieved greater than high school education. Participants living in British Columbia and Quebec were the most socially disadvantaged. Overall, 458 (57%) had been previously incarcerated (78% of aboriginals vs. 53% Silmitasertib of non-aboriginals; P < 0.001), 422 (44%) reported a psychiatric diagnosis, 25 (3%) were homeless and 67 (7%) lived in shelters at cohort entry. There were very high rates of past and current (past 6 months) substance use among participants, with 81% reporting a history of IDU (38% were currently injecting; 23% sharing needles); 50% were current

alcohol drinkers (31% reported binge/hazardous drinking, defined as >6 drinks/day) and 77% currently smoked cigarettes. Baseline clinical characteristics are shown in Table 2. The majority of participants were receiving ART (82%), of whom 71% had an undetectable HIV RNA with a median CD4 cell count of 364 cells/μL (IQR 230, 530 cells/μL). The median CD4 cell count of those not on ART was 373 cells/μL (IQR 259, 550 cells/μL). One hundred and thirteen participants Nutlin-3 datasheet (12%) were HCV RNA negative without having received prior treatment for HCV, indicating spontaneous clearance of their infection. One hundred and fifty-eight (17%) had received treatment for HCV prior to cohort entry. Of the remaining 797 patients never treated for HCV, 102 (13%) initiated treatment during follow-up (6.6/100 person-years; 95% CI 5.3 to 7.9). Thus, 70% of the cohort had never received HCV treatment. Table 3 shows the incidence rates for health outcomes among participants

since enrolment in the cohort. The cumulative incidences of liver fibrosis, ESLD, AIDS and death are shown in Figure 2. None of the participants with ESLD underwent liver transplantation. Death rates in the cohort were much higher than overall Canadian population death rates at all ages; see Figure 3. The overall standardized mortality ratio was 17.08 (95% CI 12.83, 21.34); the estimates were 12.80 (95% CI 9.10, 16.50) for male patients and 28.74 (95% CI 14.66, 42.83) for female patients. Causes of death were: ESLD (n = 18; 29%), drug overdose (n = 15; 24%), cancer (n = 6; 10%), AIDS-defining illnesses (5%), and others (18%) including trauma, respiratory failure, bacterial infection and septic shock. The cause for the remaining 11 could not be determined.