, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0332991.html 1994), modified for use in Australian and Finnish populations, with the section of nicotine use and dependence based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (Cottler et al., 1991). The ND diagnosis requires the presence of at least three out of seven criteria during a 12-month period. In addition, the FTND (Heatherton Kozlowski, Frecker, and Fagerstr?m, 1991) was administered (scored 0�C10), and the largest number of cigarettes ever-smoked during a 24-hr period was asked. The cutpoint of ��4 was used as the criterion for the lifetime ND by FTND similarly as in the case�Ccontrol studies by Bierut et al. (2007) and Berrettini et al. (2008).

All of the smoking- and ND-related questions were presented to regular smokers (defined as having smoked ��100 cigarettes during lifetime and for at least once a week for a minimum period of 2 months in a row), and after fulfilling the criteria for regular smoking, no stem structures were used in the telephone interview of smoking behavior (i.e., all regular smokers responded to all the questions regarding smoking behavior). Genotyping Genotyping of chromosome 20 microsatellite markers was performed in two phases. First, in 2005, a whole-genome scan with 380 markers (11 residing on chromosome 20 between 2.90 and 100.63 cM, with an average distance between markers of 9 cM) was performed using MegaBASE (Amersham Biosciences) and ABI (Applied Biosystems) platforms. In 2009, four markers included in the genome-wide scan and giving the strongest evidence for linkage for MaxCigs24 (Saccone et al., 2007) were genotyped in an additional sample.

Furthermore, for fine-mapping purposes, 14 additional microsatellite markers residing around and between these four markers (at 39.56�C83.19 cM) were genotyped in the additional sample as well as in the original whole-genome scan sample. After the fine mapping, the average distances between all 25 markers and 18 markers within the fine-mapped region were 4 and 2.4 cM, respectively. The genotyping in 2009 was performed using ABI platform. Data Analysis The data genotyped in 2009 were checked for genotyping success (>85%) by sample and by marker. After removing eight families yielding more than three Mendelian inconsistencies, no errors in the pedigrees were detected by program PedCheck (O��Connell and Weeks, 1998).

The unlikely but Mendelian consistent genotypes Entinostat were identified by the error-detection algorithm of program MERLIN (Abecasis, Cherny, Cookson, and Cardon, 2002) and were erased from the data using the program Pedwipe. After the genotype quality check, the replication data (Study 1) consisted of 759 subjects with genotypes for 18 markers (4 whole-genome scan markers and 14 fine-mapping markers). The combined data (Study 2) included all 759 subjects from Study 1 and all 508 subjects from the existing whole-genome linkage scan (Loukola et al.