Preliminary studies indicate that estrogen replacement therapy is effective for major and minor depression in perimenopausal women with or without a history of depression. Pilot data suggest that estradiol may be effective for severe PPD. Progesterone is clearly not effective for depressive symptoms in PMS/PMDD, the postpartum or perimenopause. Safety concerns for medications during pregnancy and breast-feeding point to psychotherapy as the treatment for PPD, but the risk calculation of each treatment modality should be made on an individual basis. No one treatment entirely Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical fits each of these complex disorders with

their still-heterogeneous populations, and a selleckchem Afatinib one-fits-all treatment approach is not possible. Nonetheless, understanding knowledge of

the causes and treatments of women’s depressions is increasing, and many women with these disorders can obtain Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical relief with effective medical treatment. Selected abbreviations and acronyms ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone HRT hormone replacement therapy 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) m-CPP m-chlorophenylpiperazine Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical OC oral contraceptive PMDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder PMS premenstrual syndrome PPD postpartum depression SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Estrogen is a pleiotropic hormone that acts beyond the scope of its reproductive functions and exerts protective

actions on multiple tissues including the brain. The protective actions of estrogen carry tremendous implications for the promotion of health and the prevention Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of disease in postmenopausal women. Since the life span of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical women has increased from approximately 50 to 80 years, but the age of the menopause remains at about 51 years, women may now live over three decades of their lives in a hypoestrogenic, postmenopausal state. The impact of prolonged hypoestrogenicity is now a critical health concern, since we realize that these women may suffer from an increased vulnerability to a variety of diseases. Conversely, replacement, with estrogen appears to act in the primary prevention of many disease processes, including neurodegeneration. Estrogen, however, is not always beneficial, as high and unopposed levels may increase the risk for certain cancers in some women. Our challenge, therefore, Batimastat is to design hormone replacement therapies that exert, only beneficial effects in the body. To this end, we must gain a more complete understanding of the spectrum of estrogen’s actions and, more Ivacaftor CFTR specifically, we must dissect the mechanisms that underlie its actions. The broad spectrum of estrogen’s actions includes significant, protection of the brain and primary prevention against neurodegeneration.