On average, daily smokers smoked a median of 10 cpd (M: 10 33 ��

On average, daily smokers smoked a median of 10 cpd (M: 10.33 �� 0.59 cpd) and intermittent smokers smoked a median of four cigarettes meanwhile on days when they smoked (2.9 �� 0.2 cpd). Table 1. Demographics and smoking-related health behavior of Vietnamese men by smoking status, California Vietnamese Adult Tobacco Use Survey, 2008 The types of cigarettes most frequently smoked by current smokers were filtered (39%), light (37%), regular (29%), and menthol (6%; multiple answers allowed). The brands most frequently smoked by current smokers were Marlboro (59%), Salem (40%), and 555 (28%). Situations that triggered smoking most frequently were socializing with friends (76%); coffee shops, restaurants, or bars (49%); driving (48%); and working or studying (34%).

The majority of current smokers agreed that ��smoking is harming my health�� (97.2%), although significantly less agreed that ��I am addicted to cigarettes�� (66.4%). Multivariate regression analyses Table 2 displays the variables significantly associated with current and former smoking (with never smoking as a reference category) in the multivariate regression models. Associated with both current and former smoking were being married, being employed, having lower educational attainment, and consuming alcohol. Additional factors significantly associated with current smoking (compared with never smoking) were having no health insurance, having seen a Vietnamese doctor or no doctor in the past year, having Vietnamese military/police or Vietnamese reeducation camp experience, having more depression symptoms, and having less knowledge about the harms of smoking.

Additional factors significantly associated with former smoking (compared with never smoking) were increasing age and not being Buddhist (compared with no or other non-Christian religion); the latter variable did not quite reach statistical significance in its association with current smoking (p = .057). Table 2. Multivariate regression analysis of factors significantly associated with current versus never smoking status and former versus never smoking status of Vietnamese men In the multivariate analysis for interactions, the only variables interacting with increasing age were the Vietnamese military/reeducation camp experience variable (p < .0001) and the educational level variable (p = .05).

Specifically, with increasing age, men who were born in the United States or not age eligible for military service (i.e., not an adult by 1975) versus those who had no military or reeducation camp experience were more likely to be current (p = .04) or former (p = .0002) smokers than to be never-smokers. For the educational Carfilzomib level variable, with increasing age, higher versus lower educated men were more likely to be former smokers than to be never-smokers (p = .02). Discussion This is the largest in-language study of tobacco-related behavior of Vietnamese Americans in California.

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