Nevertheless, the HIV-1 RNA pooled NAAT strategy has been used with great efficiency to diagnose AHI in pregnant women [17] and in high-risk individuals from populations with low [18] and high HIV incidence [19,20]. Diagnosing pregnant women with AHI is critical to reducing perinatal and heterosexual transmission of HIV, underscoring the need for vigilant and rigorous testing for HIV infection at antenatal care visits. For epidemiological surveillance, estimating HIV incidence is central to HIV prevention and understanding of transmission dynamics in generalized, hyperendemic HIV prevalence settings [9]. Sincere thanks are due to J. Ramota, L. buy INCB024360 Werner, N. Samsunder, P. Madlala, S. Sidhoo,

P. Tshabalala, J. Kasavan and Z. Mchunu of CAPRISA, the uMgungundlovu Health District and staff of the seven primary health care clinics. This study would not have been possible without the support of the women attending the antenatal clinics, the Vulindlela Traditional Council and the CAPRISA Vulindlela Clinical Research Support Group. A special thanks to Ms Ghetwana Mahlase. The Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa was established as part of the Comprehensive International C59 wnt nmr Program of Research on AIDS (CIPRA) and supported

by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (grant no. 1 U19 AI51794). This work was supported through a research grant to Ayesha BM Kharsany from the South African Medical Research Council. Nancy Hancock was the FIC/Ellison Clinical Research training fellow, supplement to the Columbia University-Southern from African Fogarty AIDS International Training and Research Programme (AITRP) funded by the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health (grant no. D43TW00231). Conflicts

of interest: None “
“To investigate changing clinical practice with regard to antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and factors associated with the use of combination prophylaxis in infants born to HIV-infected women in the UK and Ireland. Surveillance of obstetric and paediatric HIV infection in the UK and Ireland is conducted through the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood. Infants born to HIV-infected women between 2001 and 2008 were included in the study. Ninety-nine per cent of infants (8155 of 8205) received antiretroviral prophylaxis; 86% of those with information on type of prophylaxis (n=8050) received single, 3% dual and 11% triple drug prophylaxis. Among those who received prophylaxis, use of triple prophylaxis increased significantly between 2001–2004 and 2005–2008, from 9% (297 of 3243) to 13% (624 of 4807) overall (P<0.001); from 43% (41 of 95) to 71% (45 of 63) in infants born to untreated women; and from 13% (114 of 883) to 32% (344 of 1088) where mothers were viraemic despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in pregnancy.