Modelling suggested the tracking response could increase the annual carbon gain by as much as 25% compared with leaves that do not track the sun. The various leaf attributes associated with solar tracking, therefore,
help to account for the success of this species as a weed in many locations worldwide. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Study Design. Comparative biomechanical testing in calf spines.
Objective. To biomechanically evaluate 4 techniques of lumbosacral fixation.
Summary of Background PD-1 inhibitor Data. Pelvic fixation is a problematic area, and currently, the preferred method of pelvic fixation is controversial. Clinically, iliac screws have demonstrated decreased rod breakage rates, and better correction of pelvic obliquity than unthreaded rods (Galveston technique), but several modern methods of iliac fixation have not been compared.
Methods. A total of 32 male calf spines were tested under axial rotation, flexion/extension, and lateral bending. Following intact testing, specimens were instrumented in the following groups: group 1-Modified Galveston technique with rods connected directly to iliac screws (no S1 fixation);
group 2-S1 screws and iliac screws with offset connectors distal to S1; group 3-S1 screws and iliac screws with offset connectors U0126 purchase coupled to the longitudinal rod between L6 and S1; and group 4-S1 and S2 screws without iliac fixation. Pedicle screws were placed from L3 to L6. Following nondestructive testing, specimens were fixed at the cephalad aspect of the construct and flexed to failure, with peak failure
moment (Nm).
Results. Group 1 demonstrated significantly more flexion/extension than groups 2, 3, 4 (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups for lateral bending or axial rotation at L3-S1 or L6-S1. During destructive testing, group 4 showed a significant reduction in peak failure compared to group 1 (P < 0.001), group 2 (P = 0.001), NVP-BSK805 clinical trial and group 3 (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between groups 1, 2, and 3 and all specimens failed at the distal fixation.
Conclusion. With extension of instrumentation across the lumbosacral junction, our results indicate significant improvement in stability with the use of S1 screws and iliac screw fixation. Furthermore, there does not appear to be any significant difference in the location of the connector for the iliac screw.”
“Hsp70s have been shown to play important roles in helping cells to cope with adverse environments, especially in response to temperature. In this study a novel ethephon-induced Hsp gene, designated as HbHsp70, was isolated from Hevea brasiliensis. The HbHsp70 cDNA contained a 1965 bp open reading frame encoding 655 amino acids. The deduced HbHsp70 protein showed high identities to Hsp70s from other plants.