In the current study, plasma CK activity was significantly lower (~84% on average) at day 2, 3, 4, and 7 in the Cr-CHO supplemented group compared to the CHO group following exercise-induced muscle damage, with a similar

trend (~12% lower) in LDH activity. Less leakage of muscle enzymes from the muscle may be indicative of less damage to the muscle, which may be due to improved Ca2+ buffering capacity of the muscle (i.e. the rate of Ca2+ removal from the muscle cytoplasm) and thus less Ca2+ accumulation within the cell and subsequent proteolytic activation. In summary, the major finding of this investigation was 4-Hydroxytamoxifen order significantly higher muscle strength after Cr supplementation www.selleckchem.com/products/dabrafenib-gsk2118436.html during recovery from a muscle damaging exercise session. While this may be due in part to a faster

muscle growth during the recovery period, significantly lower plasma creatine kinase activity in the days after injury is indicative of less muscle damage. Perspective It is clear that a limitation to the current study is that the exact mechanisms by which Cr exerts its effects were not examined, and thus, further research is needed. However, it is evident from other studies that Cr is perhaps working via two possible mechanisms in the current study. Firstly, Cr supplementation prior to eccentric-induced damage may be enhancing the calcium buffering capacity of the muscle by fuelling the SR Ca2+-ATPase pump, thereby decreasing intracellular calcium concentrations and activation of degradative pathways such as calpain. Thus, a reduction in calcium-activated proteases will minimise additional damage to the sarcolemma, but more importantly, further influxes of calcium into the muscle. Secondly, Cr supplementation post-exercise may enhance one or more of the key phases involved in the Florfenicol regenerative response to exercise-induced damage, such as increasing protein synthesis, reducing protein degradation, and thus,

creating an environment that facilitates enhanced satellite proliferation and hence formation of new muscle fibres. This combination is likely to allow a higher training volume to be maintained during subsequent exercise sessions during resistance training. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the participants that participated in this study as well as my fellow colleagues at Victoria University who assisted with data collection. This study was funded by AST Sports Science Pty Ltd (USA). All researchers involved Fulvestrant in vitro independently collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results from this study and have no financial interests concerning the outcome of this investigation.