However, the observed effects occurred at maternally toxic doses, which might explain the lower body weight of the fetuses at these doses ( Wier et al., 1987). Thus, the absence of observed effects in the zebrafish embryo, in which maternal toxicity does not play a role, indeed may be in line with inactivity of EGBE and EGPE in mouse and rabbit embryos. This finding stipulates the advantage of the ZET, in that

effects are always directly on the embryo and no uncertainty can arise about possible maternally mediated embryotoxicity. Also BEAA and MEAA did not change the GMS and the fraction of embryos with teratogenic effects selleck chemical compared to the controls. As well as in the ZET, the parent compound of BEAA did not have an effect in vivo in rats ( Ema et al., 1988 and Nolen et al., 1985) or rabbits ( Nolen et al., 1985) exposed during gestation. For diEGME, in vivo effects were found in contrast to no observed effects in zebrafish embryos exposed to click here MEAA. In a developmental toxicity study, Hardin et al. observed effects of diEGME in rats after exposure from GD7–16 ( Hardin et al., 1986). However, the potency of diEGME was considerably lower than that of EGME and EGEE which might be the reason why we did not measure any effects in the ZET with

MEAA. In summary, for the chemical class of glycol ethers and their metabolites, the ZET was able to distinguish and rank compounds as to their embryotoxic potencies in vivo, although the ZET apparently lacked the required metabolic activation capacity and the interpretation was based on prior knowledge of proximate embryotoxic metabolites in vivo. The ranking of triazole

Grape seed extract derivatives based on BMCGMS showed that FLU and HEX were the most potent compounds in the ZET. These compounds were also found to be the most potent in vivo, with FLU and HEX having the lowest dLEL. FLU and HEX were followed by the less potent CYP, TDF and MYC. These three compounds had a similar potency in the ZET. The least potent triazole derivative in the ZET as well as in vivo was TTC. In vivo, the triazole ranking was comparable to the ranking in the ZET, however, the relative potencies were different. These variations may be explained by differences in uptake, distribution and elimination between the models. Anyway, the overall correlation between the in vivo and ZET data appeared to be good (r2 = 0.88). Based on teratogenicity, TDF was found to be very potent in the ZET, comparable with FLU and HEX, which is in contrast with the ranking in vivo. However, the number of effects observed in one embryo caused by FLU and HEX was higher than the number of effects of TDF at similar low doses. Mainly heart malformations or pericardial edema were found after exposure to TDF, in contrast to head malformations, yolk sac edema and yolk deformations which were observed after exposure to FLU and HEX.