For nanosecond LIBS, spectroscopic interpretation is based selleck chemicals Crizotinib primarily on atomic emission [27]. This can be enhanced for both nanosecond and femtosecond ablation events through a variety of means including plasma plume excitation using a second laser pulse [14]. Enhanced emission from molecular species in dual-pulse experiments has also been reported for nanosecond ablation events and has been used for identification of molecular overlayers [28]. In this section, we will highlight differences between single pulse nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of relatively thin, organic molecular overlayers residing on surfaces for the purpose of sensing of these molecular layers [29,30].

It is widely recognized that there are gaps in Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries our ability to model various processes that can occur during ultrafast excitation of materials surfaces�Cespecially those that are composed of organic species on substrates. First of all, the electromagnetic and transport properties of electron and phonon systems over a wide range of temperatures and pressures are not well-understood. Existing models use continuum approaches and employ properties such as the optical absorption depth, the electron and phonon thermal conductivities, the electron and phonon heat capacities and the electron-phonon coupling parameter. These properties are generally kno
In this era of ubiquitous sensors and sensor network Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries deployments, the management Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and tasking of these sensors, including their associated metadata, sensed percepts, and capabilities, along with representing the underlying phenomenology, has become an enormous challenge.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have wide-spread utility in a variety of domains for the management of complex data obtained Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries from remote sensing, automated mapping and facilities management systems, and a myriad of other applications. Recently, some researchers are applying GIS to manage the placement of wired and wireless sensors and sensor networks across large, and often remote, geographic regions, as well as developing GIS interfaces to dynamically discover, query, and task sensors within a service-oriented architecture (SOA) [1].The SOA and Web service standards, such as those endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Carfilzomib have broad industry acceptance and widespread use among software developers, particularly in business applications.

However, there is relatively slow adoption by sensor designers to provide the infrastructure required for sensors to easily integrate within SOA applications, including GIS frameworks. Many ubiquitous sensing applications may not have been anticipated or programmed when the sensors were initially deployed; therefore, opportunistic, except on-the-fly discovery, configuration, and tasking of sensors by software agents via GIS interfaces are critical services.