Figure 4 represents reconstructed 3-D Ro-3306 supplier images at 16 weeks

of the distal epiphyseal region. The trabecular architecture looked poor in the OVX control and R/K to WO groups. Fig. 4 Representative 3-D images of the distal epiphysis between 1.5 and 2.75 mm proximal to the growth plate after the 16-week treatments. Micro-CT images were reconstructed as described in the “Materials and methods” section Table 1 Three-dimensional structural parameters of epiphyseal trabecular bone at 8 weeks   BV (mm3) BS (mm2) BV/TV(%) Tb.Th (μm) Tb.N (/mm) Tb.Sp (μm) FD SMI Sham 0.69 ± 0.15a 24.7 ± 5.3a 30.5 ± 5.8b 54.7 ± 3.2b 5.5 ± 0.9b 137.3 ± 75.1a 2.3 ± 0.0b 2.7 ± 0.2 www.selleckchem.com/products/tucidinostat-chidamide.html OVX control 0.27 ± 0.05 11.8 ± 1.8 14.1 ± 4.7 45.2 ± 1.3 3.1 ± 0.5 334.7 ± 26.0 2.1 ± 0.0 2.7 ± 0.2 OVX-K 0.67 ± 0.05a 27.3 ± 1.7a 29.5 ± 1.8a 48.2 ± 0.9 5.8 ± 0.2a 127.6 ± 24.5a 2.3 ± 0.0b 3.1 ± 0.2 OVX-R selleck products 0.56 ± 0.01a 22.8 ± 1.5a 22.7 ± 1.8 47.7 ± 1.2 4.6 ± 0.5

190.9 ± 19.1b 2.2 ± 0.0 3.2 ± 0.3b,c OVX-R/K 0.65 ± 0.06a 24.3 ± 1.7a 25.9 ± 1.8b 50.6 ± 0.9 4.8 ± 0.2 165.7 ± 24.9b 2.2 ± 0.0 3.4 ± 0.3b,c Data are expressed as means ± SD. Group comparisons were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey–Kramer test. No significant difference was detected between OVX groups a p < 0.01 vs OVX controls b p < 0.05 vs OVX controls c p < 0.05 vs sham Table 2 Three-dimensional structural parameters of epiphyseal trabecular bone at 16 weeks   BV (mm3) BS (mm2) BV/TV (%) Tb.Th (μm) Tb.N (/mm) Tb.Sp (μm) FD SMI Sham 0.14 ± 0.05b 8.0 ± 3.2b 6.3 ± 2.0b 35.4 ± 2.0 1.8 ± 0.6b 602 ± 273b 1.9 ± 0.0 2.6 ± 0.2 Control 0.08 ± 0.03 5.1 ± 1.6 3.6 ± 1.0 32.0 ± 3.1 1.1 ± 0.3 944 ± 279 1.8 ± 0.1 2.7 ± 0.1 K to R 0.22 ± 0.06a 12.9 ± 2.7a 8.9 ± 2.4a 34.2 ± 3.9 2.6 ± 0.5a 369 ± 100a 2.0 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.1 K to WO 0.15 ± 0.06b 9.8 ± 3.8b 6.7 ± 2.6b 31.0 ± 3.8 2.1 ± 0.8b 536 ± 291b 1.9 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.1 R to K 0.14 ± 0.03b 7.8 ± 1.9 6.0 ± 1.4 33.6 ± 3.5 1.7 ± 0.4 733 ± 376 1.9 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.1 R to WO 0.07 ± 0.03 mafosfamide 5.6 ± 2.3 3.5 ± 1.0 26.0 ± 1.8a 1.3 ± 0.3 771 ± 225 1.7 ± 0.1 2.8 ± 0.1 R/K to WO 0.10 ± 0.04

6.8 ± 2.7 3.9 ± 1.7 27.7 ± 2.3b 1.4 ± 0.6 828 ± 397 1.8 ± 0.1 2.8 ± 0.1 Data are expressed as means ± SD. Group comparisons were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test vs. OVX controls a p < 0.01 b p < 0.05 Discussion Generally, drugs targeting different functions are combined for multidrug therapy with the expectation of complementary action. For vitamin K, however, even the efficacy by itself is still controversial. Earlier, low concentrations of circulating vitamin K have been associated with bone fractures [24] and with low bone mineral density [25]. The undercarboxylated osteocalcin was associated with fracture risk [26, 27], and its reduction by the vitamin K intake was reported without the effect on BMD [28].