Experiments were carried out as a function of adsorbent loading, pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature using Reactive Red 4 anionic dye (RR4) as a model pollutant. The adsorption equilibrium data can be described well by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model was found to be 172.41 mg g(-1). Experimental kinetic data were analyzed using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order rate models. Pseudo-second order model demonstrated to be the best kinetic model for the system suggesting that the rate-limiting step may be chemisorption. The negative

value of free energy and enthalpy obtained indicates that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. selleck chemicals (C) 2010 Elsevier LY2835219 mw B.V. All rights reserved.”
“P>Recombineering, permitting precise modification of genes within bacterial

artificial chromosomes (BACs) through homologous recombination mediated by lambda phage-encoded Red proteins, is a widely used powerful tool in mouse, Caenorhabditis and Drosophila genetics. As Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of large DNA inserts from binary BACs and TACs into plants occurs at low frequency, recombineering is so far seldom exploited in the analysis of plant gene functions. We have constructed binary plant transformation vectors, which are suitable for gap-repair cloning of genes from BACs using recombineering methods previously developed for other organisms. Here we show that recombineering facilitates PCR-based generation of precise translational fusions between coding sequences of fluorescent reporter and plant proteins using galK-based exchange recombination. The modified target genes alone or as part of a larger gene cluster can be transferred by high-frequency gap-repair into plant transformation vectors, stably Selleckchem CA3 maintained in Agrobacterium and transformed without alteration into plants. Versatile application of plant BAC-recombineering

is illustrated by the analysis of developmental regulation and cellular localization of interacting AKIN10 catalytic and SNF4 activating subunits of Arabidopsis Snf1-related (SnRK1) protein kinase using in vivo imaging. To validate full functionality and in vivo interaction of tagged SnRK1 subunits, it is demonstrated that immunoprecipitated SNF4-YFP is bound to a kinase that phosphorylates SnRK1 candidate substrates, and that the GFP- and YFP-tagged kinase subunits co-immunoprecipitate with endogenous wild type AKIN10 and SNF4.”
“The chitin elicitor-binding protein (CEBiP) from rice was the first plant lysin motif (LysM) protein for which the biological and biochemical function had been established. It belongs to a plant-specific family of extracellular LysM proteins (LYMs) for which we analyzed the phylogeny.