Each of these is geographically restricted. The

route of infection is via inhalation of microconidia (or arthroconidia for C. immitis) that are aerosolized and can be dispersed many miles by air. Immunocompetent hosts develop localized pulmonary disease, which is frequently asymptomatic while those with chronic lung disease develop chronic pulmonary syndromes and individuals with immunosuppression develop Adriamycin mouse disseminated disease. In the post-HAART era each of these presentations can be encountered in HIV-seropositive individuals. H. capsulatum var capsulatum is found in mid-western and south-eastern states of the United States, the Caribbean, Central America, South America, Africa, and in pockets elsewhere throughout the world [64]. H. capsulatum var duboisii is found mainly in West and Central Africa [65]; it causes mainly extra-pulmonary disease. B. dermatitidis is found in the centre of the United States, along the St Lawrence Seaway and around the Great Lakes of the United States and Canada [66]. C. immitis is found in the

south-western part of the United States and in Palbociclib price northern Mexico [67]. An infection should be suspected in someone who has resided in an endemic area, although for some dimorphic fungi short-term exposure during travel to an endemic area is sufficient. Infections can represent either reactivation or primary infection. Individuals with well preserved CD4 cell counts present similarly to HIV-seronegative

individuals. Infection may be asymptomatic [68]. Clinical features, if present, SPTLC1 involve cough and fever with focal consolidation and hilar lymphadenopathy on chest radiography [69]. Coccidioidomycosis can present with either asymptomatic infection or as a pneumonic illness [67]. Pre-HAART, the most frequent manifestation of dimorphic fungal infection was as acute disseminated infections. General features of disseminated histoplasmosis include fever, weight loss and rash [70] and disseminated blastomycosis may be associated with neurological disease [66]. Physical signs include focal consolidation or bilateral crackles, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, rash and frequently hypotension. In many cases of disseminated disease respiratory signs and symptoms are minimal. Chest radiographs for histoplasmosis reveal interstitial, nodular or miliary infiltrates although occasionally demonstrate more focal disease. Focal pulmonary disease may be less common with coccidioidomycosis [71]. Cavitary disease is rare but has been reported for histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis [72]. A variety of extra-pulmonary manifestations are associated with disseminated disease. Histoplasmosis may be associated with oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal ulceration. Patients may present with a sepsis syndrome and hypotension [70]. Rarer manifestations include meningitis, endocarditis or involvement of the adrenal gland [73]. CNS disease may also occur with B.