e. normative messages) affect young adults’ intention to engage in regular physical activity. Methods:
An experimental survey among 16 to 24 year-olds in Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania (n = 1200) was conducted in March 2013. A control group received no message; one treatment group was told that the majority was physically active (positive message); and another treatment group was Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor told that the majority was not physically active (negative message). Results: Both the positive and (unexpectedly) the negative normative messages showed a significant and positive effect on intention to be physically active. There was no difference between the effects of the messages. Conclusions: Normative messages affect intention, which is encouraging for public health campaigns. The effect of the positive message confirms previous findings on conformity to the norm; the effect of the negative message is unexpected and requires further research to be understood.”
“Arabidopsis thaliana is widely used as a model organism in plant biology as its genome has been sequenced and transformation is known to be efficient. A large number of mutant lines
and genomic resources GSK461364 supplier are available for Arabidopsis. All this makes Arabidopsis a useful tool for studies of photosynthetic reactions in higher plants. In this study, photosystem II (PSII) enriched membranes were successfully isolated from thylakoids of Arabidopsis plants and for the first time the electron transfer cofactors in PSII were systematically studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. EPR signals from both of the donor and acceptor sides of PSII, as well as from auxiliary electron donors were recorded. From the acceptor side of PSII, EPR signals from Q(A)(-)Fe(2+) and Phe(-)Q(A)(-)Fe(2+)
as well as from the free Phe(-) radical were observed. The multiline EPR signals from the S(0)- and S(2)-states of CaMn(4)O(x)-cluster in the water oxidation complex were characterized. Moreover, split EPR signals, the interaction signals from Y(Z)center dot and CaMn(4)O(x)-cluster in the S(0)-, S(1)-, S(2)-, and this website the S(3)-state were induced by illumination of the PSII membranes at 5 K and characterized. In addition, EPR signals from auxiliary donors Y(D)center dot, Chl(+) and cytochrome b(559) were observed. In total, we were able to detect about 20 different EPR signals covering all electron transfer components in PSII. Use of this spectroscopic platform opens a possibility to study PSII reactions in the library of mutants available in Arabidopsis. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The ability of some pulp mill effluents (PME) to act as reproductive and endocrine disrupters in fish is well documented in the literature. However, changes are not always consistent with regard to species, gender, hormones, or reproductive effects.