Conclusion These two examples highlight the limited value of the currently most widely accepted diagnostic definitions of psychotic disorders for the identification of specific genetic vulnerabilities. However, there is currently no other option to the diagnosis-based linkage and association approach to localize disease genes. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The limited validity of diagnostic definitions and their putative loose mTOR inhibitor relationship

to specific genetic vulnerabilities have to be compensated for by extension of sample size. Once the first susceptibility genes have been detected, more specific genotypc-phenotype relationships can be identified.
Since their official introduction, the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10),1 and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV),2 operational classification systems have largely become an integral part of the body of knowledge Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of psychiatrists throughout Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the world and instruments

they constantly refer to. In this article I look at some of the questions that have been raised in connection with these classifications, both as a result of the growing number of critical analyses and of my own experience. This short contribution does not claim Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to provide exhaustive answers, but merely to stimulate further discussion. Psychiatrists probably all started adopting operational diagnostic classification systems, such as the ICD and DSM classifications, on the assumption that the reliability of the diagnoses therein defined was unequivocally demonstrated to be very high across the centers and even countries of evaluation, without realizing that the general consensus was based on the lowest level of validity conceivable, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical since it resulted from the mutual agreement of experts rather

than on any proven facts concerning the etiology of mental disorders. This means that in the absence of biological markers for most psychopathological disorders, diagnostic features were based on clinical descriptions, resulting in “official” nosological SB-3CT groupings. One of the main objections raised by clinical psychiatrists was that in many instances diagnoses were based on the numbers of certain symptoms.3 Nevertheless, in spite of initial warnings of oversimplification, the two most widely used official classifications – DSM and ICD – came to be largely regarded as nosologically valid by medical doctors, official institutions, and even the public at large. The interesting, but logical, paradox is that those least satisfied with these so universally acclaimed classifications are probably the psychiatrists.