Cells were subsequently washed and incubated for 1 h with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) at room temperature. After stopping the reaction with 5N NaOH (pH 11·0),

the optical density (OD) at 405 nm was measured in a Biorad 550 microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Veenendaal, the Netherlands). Cut-off points based on the OD values from the PAH cohort compared to the healthy controls were calculated using a receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis [13]. HUVEC monolayers were trypsinized with trypsin/ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (0·25%/0·2%). Detached cells were resuspended in culture medium consisting of RPMI-1640 with Glutamax-1 (Gibco, Breda, the Netherlands) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS (iFCS) (Integro BV,

Lelystad, the Netherlands) and centrifuged. Cell pellets were ACP-196 price subsequently resuspended in culture medium and incubated https://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html in separate wells of precoated 12-well plates (Costar Corning, Bornem, Belgium) with 160 μg/ml of IgG from each individual patient and control in a final concentration of 5·105 cells/ml at 37°C under 5% CO2. The optimal IgG concentration was determined by a concentration–response curve using IgG from several SLE patients (data not shown). HUVECs in separate wells were incubated with either culture medium containing 10% iFCS, culture medium without iFCS (cell starvation) or culture medium containing 10% iFCS and 5 nmol/ml staurosporine as internal negative and positive controls, respectively, for apoptosis. Staurosporine, a widely used apoptogenic agent, has been shown to induce EC apoptosis via focal adhesion kinase dephosphorylation and focal adhesion disassembly independent of focal adhesion kinase proteolysis [24]. After 24 h incubation, supernatants were collected while attached cells were washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; containing 0·15 mol/l NaCl, 0·01 mol/l phosphate, pH 7·4), trypsinized, and collected. All collected supernatants, washing fluids and trypsinized cells were

combined and divided subsequently into two Falcon tubes (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA, USA), washed with PBS and centrifuged. One sample was used to measure annexin V binding, while the other sample was used for the enumeration of hypoploid cells, respectively. Experiments were Dehydratase repeated three times on three different HUVEC isolates. Cell pellets were resuspended in annexin A5 buffer (10 mM Hepes/NaOH, pH 7·4, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2·5 mM CaCl2·H2O, 1 mM MgCl2) and centrifuged. Subsequently, the cells were incubated in 300 μl of the same buffer containing 250 ng/ml fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated annexin A5 (from Dr C. P. M. Reutelingsperger) for 10 min at room temperature in the dark. Propidium iodide (PI) (Calbiochem®; EMD Chemicals, Inc., Gibbstown, NJ, USA) was added to exclude dead cells, diluted to a final concentration of 10 μg/ml.