A two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test was used for presynaptic arbor size analysis and B-Raf inhibitor drug western blot analysis unless otherwise noted. The Mann-Whitney test was used for real-time PCR experiments. p values smaller than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All p values are indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Data are

presented as mean ± SEM. We thank Dr. Tzumin Lee, Dr. Larry Zipursky, Dr. Catherine Collins, Dr. Chunlai Wu, Dr. Kendal Broadie, Dr. Chun Han, Dr. Liqun Luo, and Dr. Yuh Nung Jan for generously sharing reagents, Dr. Ting Han and Dr. John Kim for their help on the RNA-IP experiments, the members of Dr. Jiandie Lin’s laboratory for helping us to set up the real-time PCR experiments. We also thank Dr. Catherine Collins, Dr. Tzumin Lee, Dr. Hisashi Umemori, and Gabriella Sterne for critical comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from NIH (R00MH080599 and R01MH091186), the Whitehall Foundation, and the Pew Scholars Program in the Biological Sciences to B.Y. “
“The basal ganglia comprise a group of subcortical Autophagy animal study nuclei that includes the striatum, the globus

pallidus, and the substantia nigra. These nuclei receive input from the cerebral cortex and send output to the thalamus, constituting corticobasal ganglia-thalamocortical loops that govern Mirabegron various brain functions associated with complex motor action, reward-based learning, cognition, emotion, and motivation (Redgrave et al., 2010; Utter and Basso, 2008). To perform these different functions, individual cortical areas project to discrete regions of the basal ganglia in a highly topographic manner (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990; Redgrave et al.,

2010). Thus, prefrontal cortical areas provide input to anterior regions of the striatum; sensorimotor cortical areas project to central dorsolateral regions; and the parietal cortex provides input to more posterior regions (Draganski et al., 2008; Takada et al., 2001; Wiesendanger et al., 2004). Dysfunctions along the corticobasal ganglia circuit lead to neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and depressive disorder (Krishnan and Nestler, 2008; Simpson et al., 2010; Utter and Basso, 2008). Therefore, clarification of the precise topography and pathway-specific synapse development in corticobasal ganglia circuits is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that regulate respective brain functions. The anatomical topography of neural circuits generally emphasizes distinct functional units. Functional establishment of this topography requires circuit-specific differentiation and refinement of synapses.