0; GraphPad Software, Inc., Cary, NC). Variables that were not previously age adjusted (e.g., bimanual coordination and

visuomotor coordination) were compared between groups using univariate analysis of covariance with age included as covariate, followed by post-hoc Bonferroni. The probability level accepted for significance was P < 0.05. Bivariate correlations among variables were evaluated using the Pearson correlation test. Partial correlation coefficients, controlled by age, were also calculated for variables not previously age adjusted. Binary logistic https://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html regression analyses were performed to assess whether MMN area predicts MHE, attention, or coordination deficits. The cutoffs (mean of controls ± 2 standard deviations) were 28 for Stroop Incongruent: 3.12 and 2.37 minutes for visuomotor and bimanual coordination tests, respectively, and 0 for NCT-A and NCT-B tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were then performed to determine sensitivity and specificity. Analyses were performed using SPSS software (version

17.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL), and two-sided P values <0.05 were considered significant. Latency and amplitude of MMN waves were similar in controls and patients with or without MHE (Fig. 1A,B). Latencies were 212 ± 5, 224 ± 8, and 213 ± 10 ms in controls, patients without MHE, and patients with MHE, respectively. Amplitudes were 5.4 ± 0.5, 5.1 ± 0.6, and 5.0 ± 0.8 μV in controls, patients without ABT-199 research buy MHE, and patients with MHE, respectively. In contrast, MMN area was reduced in patients with Phospholipase D1 MHE, compared to controls (P < 0.01) and patients without MHE (P < 0.05). Areas were 167 ± 29, 120 ± 17, and 49 ± 4 μV/ms in controls, patients without MHE, and patients with MHE, respectively (Fig. 1C). Performance in the Stroop test of selective attention was also assessed. In the congruent task (Fig. 2A), controls read 108 ± 3 words in 45 seconds. Patients without MHE read fewer words (94 ± 4; P < 0.05), and patients with MHE showed a strong reduction in number of words (77 ±

5), which was lower than for controls (P < 0.001) and patients without MHE (P < 0.05). In the neutral task (Fig. 2B), control subjects named 80 ± 3 colors. Patients without MHE named fewer colors (67 ± 3; P < 0.01) and patients with MHE named 53 ± 5, which was lower than for controls (P < 0.001) and patients without MHE (P < 0.05). In the incongruent task (Fig. 2C), controls named 45 ± 2 colors. Patients without MHE named fewer colors (37 ± 2; P < 0.01) and patients with MHE named 30 ± 2, which was lower than for controls (P < 0.001) and patients without MHE (P < 0.05). Visual selective attention was evaluated by performing the Map Search. In the 2-minute Map Search test (Fig. 2D), control subjects obtained a scaled score of 9.7 ± 0.8. The score was not affected in patients without MHE (7.9 ± 0.5). Patients with MHE showed a reduction in score (5.7 ± 0.8), which was lower than for controls (P < 0.