One uncharacterized ABC transporter (MW2543-2542) is located downstream of this TCS and shows homology with BceAB in B. subtilis, which is responsible for bacitracin efflux (Ohki et al., 2003) (Fig. 1). Therefore, we investigated whether this transporter, together with two other transporters (vraDE: MW2620-2621 and vraFG: MW0623-0624) showing homology with BceAB, is associated with susceptibility to bacitracin. In this study, we presented data on the characterization of the transporters related to bacitracin resistance and also the linkage between this TCS and the transporters. Based on our results, we designated the Ganetespib molecular weight TCS (MW2545-2544) as BceRS and its downstream transporter (MW2543-42) as BceAB. The bacterial strains

used in this study are listed in Table 1. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were grown in trypticase soy broth (TSB) (Beckton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD) and Luria–Bertani (LB) broth, respectively. Tetracycline (10 μg mL−1) or chloramphenicol (10 μg mL−1) for S. aureus was added when necessary. Routine DNA manipulations, restriction enzyme digestion, DNA ligation and DNA sequencing were performed essentially as described previously (Sambrook et al., 1989). Restriction

enzymes and shrimp alkaline phosphatase were purchased from NipponGene (Tokyo, Japan). T4 DNA ligase and PCR reagents were from Takara (Tokyo, Japan). Inactivation of transporters in S. aureus was achieved by a method described elsewhere (Komatsuzawa et selleck al., 2004). Since transporter consists of two orfs encoding for a permease and an ATP-binding protein, we constructed the mutants which were inactivated the both of them. Also, for the

complementation experiment, we further constructed two mutants that were inactivated, the second Amino acid orf in the operon of bceRS (TCS) or bceAB (ABC transporter), because we failed to construct the plasmid containing the two genes of bceRS or bceAB due to an unknown reason. Briefly, DNA fragments containing an internal region of each orf were amplified and cloned into a pCL52.1 vector, a thermosensitive vector, which could replicate at 30 °C but not at 42 °C (Subrata et al., 1997). After electroporation of the plasmid into S. aureus RN4220, the bacteria were grown at 30 °C with tetracycline (10 μg mL−1) overnight. Then, the plasmid in RN4220 was transduced into MW2 strain using phage 80α. Both strains containing the plasmid were grown overnight at 30 °C. The appropriate dilutions of the culture were poured on trypticase soy agar plates containing tetracycline (10 μg mL−1), then incubated at 42 °C overnight. Ten colonies were collected and replated on TS agar containing tetracycline. Disruption of the target gene was checked by PCR. For the complementation experiment, the DNA fragment of bceS, bceB or vraDE amplified with specific primers was cloned into pCL15, which was an E. coli–S. aureus shuttle vector with Pspac promoter (Luong & Lee, 2006).