8–94.6%) to BYDV-PAS, and six isolates (from Peshawar, Islamabad Swabi and Faisalabad

districts) had maximum identity (99.3–99.7%) to BYDV-PAV. Thus BYDV-PAV species may be dominant in Alisertib northern wheat-growing areas of Pakistan. The conserved nature of the BYDVs suggests that pathogen-derived resistance strategies targeting the coat protein of the virus are likely to provide protection under field conditions. “
“Phytoplasma-infected plants with symptoms of general yellowing, stunting, little leaves, white leaves, virescence, phyllody and witches’ broom growth of axillary shoots were collected from various plant species in Myanmar during 2010 and 2011. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene and phylogenetic analyses were used to identify and classify the phytoplasmas. Based on RFLP and sequence analyses, 13 isolates Ivacaftor cost were identified and classified into one subgroup of 16SrI-B, two subgroups of 16SrII-A and 16SrII-C, and one of 16SrXI group phytoplasmas. Phylogenetic analyses also supported the relationship of Myanmar isolates with the three 16Sr groups. This study showed

that at least three 16Sr groups exist and 16SrII group phytoplasmas are widely distributed in Myanmar. “
“Cherry leaf spot disease, caused by Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx., is an increasing concern to nursery producers of ornamental cherry in the south-eastern United States. Spores were trapped starting in late March before symptoms were observed in the field, which indicates that leaf debris from diseased trees are an important source of primary inoculum. Previously infected trees of six cultivars (‘Kwanzan’, ‘Yoshino’, ‘Okami’, ‘Snowgoose’, ‘Autumnalis’ and ‘Akebono’), which

were overwintered in a controlled environment protected from airborne spores, developed disease symptoms in late spring, indicating that dormant buds may also be a source of primary inoculum. Because ornamental cherry trees are propagated by budding and cuttings, disease management should incorporate cultural practices that focus on propagation from disease-free trees and fungicide applications beginning at petal drop to protect emerging leaves. “
“Petunia hybrida is an important ornamental plant that can be seriously affected by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Glycogen branching enzyme Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a ribosome-inactivating protein, has been recognized as a broad spectrum virus inhibitory agent. Mutant PAP efficiently inhibited viral gene expression at both the translational and transcriptional levels without causing host cell toxicity. We have transferred the non-cytotoxic pokeweed antiviral protein (mutant PAP) gene into petunia cells with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Forty-two putative transgenic regenerated lines were obtained from the selected explants. Fifty-six plants immune to CMV infection were recovered from nine transgenic lines.