738, 0.806 0.81 <0.05 <0.05,

<0.01 0.87 <0.05 <0.05, <0.01 Minimum temperature of the coldest month 0.871, 0.850 0.74 <0.01 <0.05, ns 0.82 <0.01 <0.05, ns Annual precipitation 0.881, 0.839 0.90 ns <0.01, ns 0.94 ns <0.01, ns Precipitation of the wettest month 0.743, 0.849 0.78 <0.01 ns, <0.01 0.86 <0.01 ns, <0.05 Precipitation of the driest month 0.914, 0.857 0.55 <0.01 ns, <0.01 0.70 <0.01 ns, <0.01 Significant values of climate envelope equivalency are indicated with asterisks; ns P > 0.05; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01. Values where observed overlap is greater than the null distribution are indicated in bold, values where overlap was smaller than the null distribution are italicized We quantitatively compared climate envelopes of western and eastern Amazonian Atelopus with Schoener’s index (D) and Hellinger distance (I) as modified by Warren et al. (2008). Both GW-572016 in vitro indices allow for testing climate envelope similarity between two probability distributions of (e.g. climate envelope) distributions over geographic space, whereby D and I values range from 0 to 1 (i.e. models have no to entire overlap). We evaluated the significance of D and I values with null models regarding climate envelope similarity and equivalency representing

two extremes within the spectrum of niche conservatism (Warren et al. 2008). Tests were performed separately for each bioclimatic parameter in https://www.selleckchem.com/products/acalabrutinib.html the manner of Rödder and Lötters (2009). Moreover, for climate envelope equivalency, ADP ribosylation factor we applied a randomization test as proposed by Warren et al. (2008) which relies on the metrics D and I. For western and eastern Amazonian harlequin frog occurrences 100 pseudoreplicate datasets

were created by randomly partitioning the combined number of western and eastern occurrences into sets of the same size of the original of western and eastern datasets. Climate envelope models were built from each pseudoreplicate in order to generate null distributions. The overlap between models computed with the original data sets were compared to the percentiles of these null distributions in a one-tailed test to evaluate the hypothesis that climate envelope models for western and eastern records were not significantly different. This test allows for an assessment of climate envelope maintenance (i.e. niche conservancy) in a strict sense, i.e. the effective equivalency of the climate envelope in the western and eastern geographic ranges. It is expected to be only met if western and eastern harlequin frogs tolerate exactly the same set of climatic conditions and have the same set of environmental conditions available to them. In order to assess climate envelope similarity, we again used a randomization test of Warren et al. (2008). It compares the actual similarity of climate envelopes in terms of D and I values to the distribution of similarities obtained by comparing them to a climate envelope model created through randomly choosing cells from among the cells in the study area.