4A). Brightfield microscopy (Fig. 4B) revealed that at early stages the cells had round/ovoid nuclei and high nuclear/cytoplasm ratios. During the maturation and differentiation steps the ALDH+ cells were successively organized in cord-like structures (starting at stage I), proliferated, with a cobblestone appearance, and finally

acquired morphological features similar to those of primary hepatocytes, i.e., binucleated and polygonal-shaped cells (Fig. 4B). When maintained in 10% FBS without additives, the cells Daporinad mw neither acquired the above-mentioned morphological features nor showed any functional hepatocyte activity such as ALB secretion (Supporting Fig. 4). A clear down-regulation of CK19 and EpCAM at the RNA level indicated the loss of progenitor cells during in vitro differentiation

(Fig. 4C). ALB secretion, urea synthesis, and CYP1A2 activity, all markers/indicators of hepatocyte function, were tested during the differentiation steps of the ALDH+ cells (Fig. 5). Although barely present during the maturation stages I and II, all activities were induced during the differentiation stage (stage III). Furthermore, periodic acid-Schiff and Bodipy staining demonstrated the capacity of the hepatocyte-like cells to accumulate glycogen and lipids, respectively (Fig. 5D). These data clearly demonstrate that the ALDH+ cell population is able to give rise to functional hepatocyte-like Midostaurin solubility dmso cells in vitro using a defined differentiation protocol, suggesting that this population comprises LPC capacities. In adult healthy mice livers, ALDH1A1 is predominantly expressed by hepatocytes in the centrilobular region (Supporting Fig. 5). Analysis of bile ducts and canals learn more of Hering (by CK19 staining) also confirmed ALDH1A1 positivity in two well-known niches of LPCs22 (Fig. 6A-D; for confocal images, see Supporting Fig. 6). We hypothesized that, if high ALDH activity is associated with LPC activation, the expression of ALDH1A1 should increase in different liver injury models, known to activate the LPC niche. ALDH1A1 expression was rapidly induced in bile ducts, i.e. after 3 days in CDE (choline deficient-ethionine supplemented)

and DDC (3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4 dihydrocollidine) treated mice, after 12h and 24 hours in respectively APAP (N-acetyl-paraaminophen) and CBDL (Common Bile Duct Ligation) mice and after 2 weeks in AAF/PH (2-acetylaminofluorene/ partial hepatectomy) treated rats (Fig. 7 and Supporting Figs. 7 and 8). However, ALDH1A1 expression rapidly returned to control levels after the initial increase of expression, suggesting that ALDH1A1 up-regulation in these cells is an early response to injury. To investigate whether the ALDH strategy is applicable to human liver tissue, we sorted two different human NP samples: a cell fraction obtained after centrifugation of collagenase-digested human liver tissue for hepatocyte transplantation purposes and an in situ digested liver lobe by a pronase/collagenase/Dnase1 digestion (Supporting Fig.