4). On the other hand, considering that most existing pockets of populations are small and undergoing climate change, some mixing of populations of various distances should be experimented to increase the evolutionary potential of the restored populations (Frankham 1995; Maschinski et al. 2013). Fig. 4 Schematic mechanism in implementation of the restoration-friendly cultivation to realize the intended ecological and find more societal benefits. Arrows point to action recipients or outcomes Secondly, cultivation activities on existing natural forests may generate unintended impacts on recipient forests. For example, planting Dendrobium

orchids may replace and limit

natural recruitment of other epiphytic plants such as ferns, AZD3965 cell line Begonia and Gesneria. In addition, periodic thinning of small trees and shrubs Selleck PLX 4720 were observed in some locations to maintain a certain forest structure for Dendrobium cultivation. Furthermore, dense cultivation could require application of pesticides. To minimize such impacts, restoration-friendly cultivation should only be carried out on natural or semi-natural forests that are already prone to human activities, such as in many community and private forest patches within or close to nature reserves. These forests have been and will be impacted by forest tenure reform. The product certification program mentioned above could also be used

to Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase limit the impacts on restoration-friendly cultivation sites by managing planting density, maintaining a certain number of native trees, shrubs and herbs, and limiting pesticide use (Fig. 4). In contrast, in well-protected public forests, only conventional species reintroduction with no harvest agenda should be considered. Thirdly, small holders, especially marginalized rural populations, may have difficulties purchasing relatively costly seedlings and finding appropriate markets. Chinese nature reserves in principle have obligations to assist local farmers to establish livelihoods that are consistent with natural resources conservation (Zhangliang Chen, Vice Governor of Guangxi, personal communication). Therefore, these nature reserves are in the right position to facilitate the implementation of biodiversity-friendly practices such as restoration-friendly cultivation. In the case of orchid cultivation it will be more practical for nature reserves, or certified private companies working with nature preserves, to acquire the facilities and investment needed to generate appropriate orchid seedlings (Fig. 4). They could also provide training in planting and harvesting techniques.