, 2012) that investigated exposure to 23 trace elements in recycling workers based on urinary concentrations and one study from China (Wang et al., 2011) studying exposure to 6 elements. Comparing the present study’s urinary concentrations to the Ghana study for the 15 elements that both studies monitored, the concentration was in the same range for As, Cd, Cu, Ga, In, Mo, Pb and Zn; the concentration was GSK126 in vitro lower in the present study for Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Sb and V, and higher for Tl. In the Chinese study Cd and Mn were higher than in the present study, Cu and Zn were lower and Be and Pb were in the same range. Other studies analyzing hair samples from informal e-waste workers in

India (Ha et al., 2009) and China (Wang et al., 2009 and Zheng et al., 2011) also show that the workers are exposed to the same metals as shown in the present study by blood and urine samples. However, hair analysis has been considered to reflect long-term exposure and hence has not traditionally been used in occupational exposure studies; therefore, it is difficult to compare the metal concentrations further. We anticipated that formal recycling would give rise to lower concentrations of the Venetoclax price biomarkers, since the workers are only exposed for 8 h per day, in plants with process ventilation. Whereas informal workers are often both exposed when performing e-waste recycling and

from contaminated soil, water, and locally produced food items (Grant et al., 2013). To further evaluate the concentrations of metals in both formal and informal e-waste recycling workers a multi-center study would be needed. Such a study should use the same sampling and analytical techniques, preferably described in an international recognized standard. This study of formal e-waste recycling clearly shows that workers with different recycling tasks had elevated exposure to toxic metals. Overall, we observed few differences in Lck exposure patterns between the different work tasks performed. Furthermore, the study shows that rare metals, such as In and Sb, and not only Hg and Pb, must be monitored in these settings both in air and human

samples. These findings further indicate the need for more automated processes in recycling of e-waste to protect both workers and the environment, especially since the amount in tonnage of e-waste is continuously growing at a rapid pace. Also, more studies of health parameters from formal and informal e-waste recycling workers in combination with exposure monitoring is needed. Such studies should use the same sampling and analytical techniques to be directly comparable. The elevated level of metals in formal recycling workers indicates that informal recycling would result in even higher levels, as shown in several studies. The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare. The study was financed by research and post-doctoral grants from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare nos.