, 2008, Zhao et al., 2008, Cannizzaro et al., 2008, Hu et al., 2011 and Wang et al., 2011a). Increasing frequency in red tide outbreaks has been reported around the world. It is of great concern due to not only their adverse effects on human health and marine organisms, but also their impacts on the economy of the affected areas. The recurrence of red tide depends on the species. Some species recur in the same area

every year while others are episodic. The duration may differ from days to months. The Arabian Gulf has been subject to red tide regularly with outbreaks recorded almost every year (Subba Rao and Al-Uamani, 1998, Heil et al., 2001, Glibert et al., 2002 and Moradi and Kabiri, 2012). A catastrophic red tide event happened in 2008 in the Arabian Gulf. Richlen et al. (2010) reported that the 2008 bloom was first observed on the east http://www.selleckchem.com/p38-MAPK.html coast of the UAE in late August 2008 and dominated by Cochlodinium polykriloides. Although 38 types of taxa have been identified in the Arabian Gulf, Cochlodinium polykriloides was found for the first time in the region. Sale et al. (2011) demonstrated that the bloom patch dissipated in August 2009. According to Berktay (2011), the 2008 red tide event has affected more than 1200 km

of coastline and has destroyed thousands of tons of fish and marine mammals. This disastrous event also did harm Cobimetinib solubility dmso to local aquaculture ( Richlen et al., 2010), coral reef community ( Bauman et al., 2010), and fishery ( Berktay, 2011). Additionally, red tide outbreaks

could force the shutdown of desalination plants, which pose a major threat to the potable water supply ( Berktay, 2011). Indeed, all Arabian Gulf countries rely on desalinated seawater for Pregnenolone most of their potable water supply where 61% (17.1 M m3 day−1) of the global seawater desalination capacity is located along the Arabian Gulf coastlines ( Lattemann et al., 2010). For the reasons stated above, effective and timely observation of red tide is urgently required. Compared with conventional in situ ship surveys and buoy stations, which are time and cost consuming, satellite measurements have shown to be more effective in such applications thanks to their high spatial and temporal coverage over large scales. Furthermore, satellite measurements can cover regions unreachable for humans. For example, the 13-year of daily global imagery collected by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) at 1-km resolution was made available to the scientific community by NASA. To our knowledge, only two papers about the 2008 red tide event in the Arabian Gulf using satellite imagery have been published. Moradi and Kabiri (2012) used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fluorescence data to detect the 2008 red tide with more focus on the Strait of Hormuz and the eastern region of the Arabian Gulf. Hamzei et al.