, 2007 and Spassky et al., 2005). Lineage tracing of radial glia by neonatal viral infection

also shows that they give rise to multiciliated Obeticholic Acid mw ependymal cells, striatal astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, indicating that radial glia are the developmental predecessors of the adult VZ-SVZ. Type B1 cells have several characteristics that are reminiscent of their radial glial progenitors—a thin apical process with a primary cilium extending into the ventricular lumen, a basal process that extends to reach blood vessels, and behavior that is reminiscent of the interkinetic nuclear migration observed in the embryo (Doetsch et al., 1997, Mirzadeh et al., 2008, Shen et al., 2008 and Tavazoie et al., 2008). Therefore, this periventricular germinal niche, previously referred to as the SVZ, also includes a compartment that directly contacts the ventricle, reminiscent of the ventricular zone (VZ) in the embryo. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that signals arising from the ciliated ependymal cells and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricle may influence the activity of cells in the adult VZ-SVZ. The walls of the lateral ventricles exhibit a specific planar organization: the small apical processes of one or more type B1 cells are surrounded by a rosette of ependymal cells, forming pinwheel

structures on this surface (Figure 1; Mirzadeh et al., 2008). This organization is unique to regions of the ventricular wall where neurogenesis continues throughout life. Interestingly, B1 cells establish symmetric adherens junctions with

other adjoining B1 cells in the center of pinwheels and asymmetric contacts check details with surrounding ependymal cells, highlighting a possible mechanism for affecting stem cell state via direct adhesive contacts. Mapping of the numbers of ventricle-contacting type B1 cells along the ventricular surface reveals “hotspots” where large numbers of these cells are observed, suggesting a possible correlation with sites of stem cell activation or increased division (Mirzadeh et al., 2008). While it is clear from lineage tracing experiments that ventricle-contacting astrocytes are neurogenic, it is not yet known whether ventricular contact, or specialized contact with the ependyma, is a requirement for neurogenesis. In fact, neurogenic stem cells are the present all along the RMS, where there is no apparent open ventricle (Vicario-Abejón et al., 2003, Merkle et al., 2007 and Alonso et al., 2008). Specifically, the role of CSF components in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of B1 cells remains unknown. The unique location of the type B1 cell primary cilium contacting the CSF raises several intriguing possibilities for the regulation of stem cell activity. The primary cilium can have a mechanosensory function, suggesting that the force of CSF flow itself may exert an influence on the proliferative state of the stem cell (Singla and Reiter, 2006).