2–4 Options and capabilities for diagnosing EA and managing its risks have grown especially rapidly in the last decade, but it remains especially difficult for patients to put levels of risk from their BE in perspective and to balance these accurately with the risks of

different management 17-AAG mouse options.14,15 Clinicians also have difficulty with making these relatively complex risk-benefit assessments; their difficulties are compounded by the need to tailor risk management to the needs of each BE patient, when the risks and benefits of management options are changing within a time span of two to three years. Whatever the management decision, it must be carefully weighed against the individual patient-specific risk that BE carries for development of EA that progresses to a point that it is a problem, by either causing disability or death. This judgment point differs from just development of EA. Some enthusiasts for intervention are failing to make such balanced assessments SCH 900776 supplier and so expose their patients to unwarranted risk by being inappropriately aggressive in their choice of management.15 Because understanding of the risks and benefits of management options in BE needs considerable background information on recent development in the field of BE, this area is addressed

in the final parts of this review. The schema in Fig. 2 shows how interventions on the risk for EA and the processes for its assessment are expected to evolve in the next decade. Substantial changes

are likely, with beneficial impacts on management of BE. This section explains the major practical difficulties caused by varying definitions of BE,4,12,13 recent insights that signal a way forward and initiatives already taken to achieve a definition that is accepted world-wide.4,12 The initial informal consensus definition of BE was the partial replacement of normal esophageal squamous mucosa with metaplastic columnar mucosa. The recognition that the metaplasia 上海皓元 was a mosaic of several histologic types in most cases of BE, did not change this basic concept. Over the last 20 years or so, particularly in the USA and Germany, many clinical researchers and opinion-makers have unfortunately been misguided in applying a more restrictive definition of BE to only those individuals in whom intestinal-type metaplasia has been found.12 This change was based on two flawed premises—the illogical opinion that risk for EA should be a requirement for use of the term “Barrett’s esophagus”, and, a flow-on from the first premise, that cancer risk was confined to intestinal-type metaplasia, a then unproven and now disproven belief. To their credit, British gastroenterologists have consistently rejected this restrictive definition in both research and clinical practice.