2 [11.1] 12.1 [7.3]    Median [IQR] 12 [6–27] 11 [8–13] 0.4867 Hospital charges  (Dollars, ICG-001 in vivo median [IQR]) 88,216 [65,982–133,314] 71,161 [51,497–119,577] 0.3642 TEP Total estimated pregnancies, IQR interquartile range, n number of patients, SD standard deviation aChronic comorbidities from the Deyo–Charlson index Admission to an ICU was required in 61.5% of PANF hospitalizations. Though down-trending over the past decade, there was no significant change in hospital length of stay (P = 0.4863) and total hospital charges (P = 0.3642) among

PANF patients. The average inflation-adjusted (2010 dollars) total hospital charges per PANF hospitalization were $102,434. Three (2%) patients died during hospitalization. Among survivors, 80 (55%) had MAPK inhibitor routine home discharge, 50 (34%) required home health care, and 14 (10%) were discharged to another facility. No change was found in transfers to other institutions over the past decade (data not shown). Discussion The incidence of PANF hospitalizations has risen nearly 3.5-fold over the past decade. PANF was infrequently associated with chronic comorbidity, while showing increased severity of illness over time. Most women with PANF in our cohort required admission to an ICU, with a trend of increasing use of life-support interventions. PANF required prolonged hospitalization and high hospital

charges. Case fatality was low in the present cohort. However, hospital survivors sustained persistent SB-3CT morbidity with only about half having a routine home discharge. The present study is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first population-level examination of PANF, reflecting the rarity of this complication in obstetric patients. These findings of rising PANF incidence from about 1 to nearly 4 hospitalizations per

100,000 TEP cannot be directly compared with reports of NF in the general position, in part due to differences in age, prevalence of chronic comorbid conditions and preceding clinical interventions. A commonly cited multistate incidence estimate of NF in the US is 4 per 100,000, based on the report by Ellis RepSox datasheet Simonsen et al. [21] using administrative data from 1997 to 2002. Because the incidence of NF rises with age [6, 22], it may be hypothesized that at the end of last decade the incidence of PANF in this cohort may have exceeded same-age development of NF in the general population. Markedly, lower incidence of NF was found by Mulla et al. [23] in another population study, using similar approach, with NF reported in 1.3 per 100,000 hospital discharges in Florida in 2001. However, the investigators focused only on NF as primary diagnosis. There are no more recent population-level data on the incidence of NF in the United States (US). Further studies are needed to corroborate our findings. Several possible explanations should be considered for the apparent rise of incidence of PANF in this cohort. These findings may reflect increasing diagnosis of less severe skin and soft tissue infections as NF over time.