1999, Darienko et al. 2010). Discovery of species diversity in coccoid microchlorophytes is still a work in progress and to date it is still not possible to provide an accurate estimate of the number of species. New species and genera continue to be discovered at a steady rate (e.g., Gaysina et al. 2013, Neustupa et al. 2013a,b) and there is no reason to expect that this will stop in the near future; in fact, with facilitated access to poorly sampled regions and the use of improved

molecular techniques, this trend might actually increase. Field-based investigations have revealed an unexpected diversity of these algae in natural environments, even in habitats supposedly hostile to the survival of algae. The microbial flora of Trametinib American deserts buy Epacadostat is a well-documented case; studies focused on this community revealed a surprising species diversity (Flechtner 2007) and concluded that in desert environments, green microalgae are not just a transient presence, but have become specialists in these regions (Lewis and Lewis 2005). In recent years, the first full genomes of coccoid greens have become available (Blanc et al. 2010, 2012) providing further surprising discoveries,

such as the presence of functional meiotic genes in putatively asexual species and the acquisition of chitinous cell walls by horizontal gene transfer from an algal virus or a fungus (Blanc et al. 2010). It is now well established

that coccoid forms represent a polyphyletic assemblage of taxa distributed in the classes Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, and Ulvophyceae (Lewis and McCourt 2004, Leliaert et al. 2012). In some orders and families, the coccoid habit is dominant, whereas in others, it coexists with more complex morphologies. This is the case for the chlorophycean order Sphaeropleales, which is best known for multicellular representatives such as Hydrodictyon, Pediastrum, and Scenedesmus. In this issue, Fučíková et al. (2013) provide a taxonomic reassessment of the Sphaeropleales based on phylogenetic analysis of a 7-gene learn more data set (three ribosomal and four plastid). In terms of gene sampling, this is one of the most extensive molecular data sets used thus far for the phylogenetic study of an individual green algal taxon. The phylogenetic analyses are optimized by an accurate search for the best partitioning strategy and verification of the phylogenetic concordance among the seven genes. The resulting phylogeny recovers 16 well-supported lineages that fit harmoniously within a traditional taxonomic scheme and are recognized at the level of family.